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S100β, and vimentin. Understanding the preferential Conflict of interest
294
viral infections of these various cell types throughout The author declares no conflicts of interest.
distinct developmental stages is essential for elucidating
how viral pathogens disrupt cortical development and Author contributions
contribute to neurological deficits.
This is a single-authored article.
9. Conclusion
Brain development is a finely regulated process that, when Ethics approval and consent to participate
disrupted, can lead to NDDs such as autism spectrum Not applicable.
disorder, schizophrenia, and intellectual disabilities.
While transgenic animal models have provided valuable Consent for publication
insights, their limitations necessitate alternative Not applicable.
approaches, such as hPSC-derived brain organoids. These
3D models have significantly advanced our understanding Availability of data
of neurogenesis, neuronal circuit formation, and disease Not applicable.
pathology, offering a physiologically relevant system for
studying both genetic and environmental influences on References
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how to translate organoid-based findings into effective outer subventricular zone during cortical folding through a
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specific organoid models for drug screening and precision doi: 10.7554/eLife.82925
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Acknowledgments 2024;19(6):796-816.
None. doi: 10.1016/j.stemcr.2024.04.008

Funding 8. Adams JW, Cugola FR, Muotri AR. Brain organoids as
tools for modeling human neurodevelopmental disorders.
None. Physiology (Bethesda). 2019;34(5):365-375.

Volume 1 Issue 3 (2025) 19 doi: 10.36922/OR025100010