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Artificial Intelligence in Health COVID-19 diagnosis: FPA, k-NN, and SVM classifiers

3.4.1. FPA or flower algorithm a small number of other vertebrates that observe flowers as

Yang introduced the FPA in 2012, inspired by the way a source of food. Insects are the most common biotic pollen
64
blossoming plants attract pollinators. 62-65 transporter. They receive a complimentary sample of nectar,
a sugar solution containing varying amounts of various
A flower is an angiosperm’s bisexual reproductive different sugars as well as other nutrients, and pollen, which
shoot, with reproductive organs encircled by whorls is high in amino acids. When animals and insects collect this
of sterility organs. Angiosperms are distinguished by a food, they unintentionally touch the flower’s reproductive
number of characteristics, of which the flower is only one. organs, transferring pollen from stamens to their bodies and
Sepals, stamens, petals, and carpels are the four whorls that from their bodies to stigmatic surfaces. Many flowers have
make up the flower. The sepals, which morphologically structural elements that promote this unintended interaction.
resemble a whorl of leaves, are the first whorl of the flower. Pollen grains settle on the stigma’s surface and germinate,
The sepals, which are usually green in color, are formed forming pollen tubes. One of the pollen tubes continues
as lateral extensions from the floral meristem. The petals, to develop downward. This tube transports male gametes
which are morphologically identical to leaves, make up the to the ovary. After reaching the ovule, the male gametes
second whorl. The third outer whorl is the sexual organ get released from the pollen tube and mate with the egg
named the stamens. Stamens and leaves share traits in cell. The process of merging the male and female gametes
common in the presence of chlorophyll and their growth is called fertilization. After fertilization, the ovary becomes
form, which is elongation in a single plane (with little or no larger and develops into a fruit. The fertilized ovule, which
laminar growth). Female sexual parts, known as carpels, results from the fusion of gametes, matures into a seed. The
are found in the fourth and innermost whorl of the flower. fertilized gamete is referred to as a fertilized ovule. Other
Flowers are labeled as bisexual or unisexual depending on aspects of the flower, such as the sepals and the petals, will
the presence of male (gametes) as well as female (gametophyte) detach themselves after fertilization has taken place in the
reproductive organs. Bisexual or hermaphrodite flowers have bloom. The developed ovary of the flower serves as the
both male and female sexual parts. Unisexual flowers have primary component of the fruit. The FPA parameters and
either male sexual parts or female sexual parts. The main their respective values are outlined in Table 3.
function of the sexual organ is to prepare seeds and fruits. The Output: Feature vectors.
first and foremost step is achieving seeds and fruits, which is
possible through pollination. Pollination is divided into two The FPA algorithm has been outlined as follows:
types: self-pollination and cross-pollination. Self-pollination Input: Feature vectors.
occurs when pollen from one flower’s anther is transferred Process:
to the stigma of the same bloom (autogamy) or to the stigma
of another bloom on the same plant (geitonogamy). Cross- Step 1: Generate a random initial population that is
pollination occurs when pollen travels from the anthers in evaluated to determine the current optimal solution.
one individual’s flower to the stigma in another. Because Initialize the size of the population n, MaxGeneration
plants are immobile, pollen movement from plant to plant and p.
requires the use of a pollen vector, which can be abiotic or
biotic. Step 2: Initialize the population of n pollen gametes
x = (x , x ,… x ) with random solutions. By calculating the
n
2
1
Abiotic pollen vectors are primarily caused by water fitness value of each pollen gamete in the population using
and wind. In wind pollination, the stamen filaments of the k-NN classifier, where the k-NN classifier’s accuracy is
wind-pollinated flowers are typically long, exposing the regarded as the fitness function, the best solution g in the
*
locules to the wind and causing an aeroelastic release of initial population is found.
pollen as an energy that is transferred from the wind to
the stamen through the long filament. Water pollination, Table 3. Parameters outlined in the flower pollination
also known as hydrophily, is a rather unusual method of algorithm
gamete transfer used by a few grass and waterweed species. Parameter Value Definition
Most hydrophilous species release pollen below the water’s
surface, where it is passively conveyed by currents to n 10 Initial population
female reproductive structures. Many maritime plants use MaxGeneration 100 Maximum no. of iterations
this process of water pollination. p (0, 1) Switch probability
Biotic pollen vectors, on the other hand, comprise a wide λ 1.5 Control parameter
range of species, particularly insects, but also birds, bats, and γ 0.01 Scaling factor

Volume 2 Issue 1 (2025) 20 doi: 10.36922/aih.3349