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Bahar, et al.

A B

Figure 4. Wind power density in Mongo. (A) Annual averages from 2012 to 2022; (B) Monthly variations
highlighting seasonal energy potential.

Table 4. Annual and monthly wind direction (°) for Mongo (2012 – 2022)
Month 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 Mean
Jan 38.25 34.81 28.19 34.06 33.00 49.44 45.44 18.69 52.5 51.31 17.88 36.69
Feb 59.19 41.94 37.19 26.00 40.94 41.56 32.00 15.81 35.12 33.38 30.12 35.75
Mar 46.75 61.25 40.19 58.25 38.44 30.88 56.44 54.12 46.44 65.12 55.44 50.30
Apr 124.50 86.00 180.62 56.69 104.81 121.25 89.25 83.75 98.12 83.88 196.19 111.37
May 184.75 197.19 187.06 171.00 184.50 185.31 204.62 212.12 201.00 158.00 214.25 190.89
Jun 219.25 204.06 195.56 213.44 200.06 210.75 191.94 196.38 205.75 195.44 199.44 202.92
Jul 223.38 206.75 213.31 202.94 215.38 216.25 205.62 202.44 209.75 208.38 219.62 211.26
Aug 224.94 228.56 215.00 211.06 210.81 231.75 220.00 216.12 227.88 193.38 230.25 219.07
Sept 221.62 236.75 187.38 206.31 197.56 196.88 180.44 178.12 201.06 183.38 199.75 199.02
Oct 196.12 150.69 144.62 196.06 127.5 120.62 123.88 124.19 70.19 93.50 98.31 131.43
Nov 69.62 50.44 105.44 53.19 95.12 70.12 96.81 92.88 57.31 80.44 55.31 75.15
Dec 40.50 47.19 51.19 35.94 65.19 48.31 42.19 58.50 70.69 49.56 58.56 51.62
Mean 137.41 128.80 132.15 122.08 126.11 126.93 124.05 121.09 122.98 116.31 131.26 126.29

Table 5. Monthly and annual mean temperatures (°C) recorded in Mongo (2012 – 2022)
Month 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 Mean
Jan 25.00 26.69 25.33 22.83 23.61 27.30 22.69 26.85 22.47 25.47 24.70 24.81
Feb 29.18 29.15 27.76 28.94 26.82 27.38 29.48 28.33 26.48 26.49 25.96 27.82
Mar 30.05 31.58 31.65 31.63 33.19 30.88 31.31 31.90 31.46 31.84 30.97 31.50
Apr 33.37 32.53 33.04 31.66 33.98 33.81 32.89 33.70 33.80 32.73 33.60 33.19
May 31.18 32.55 31.80 33.86 33.59 33.75 31.98 33.43 32.96 32.65 31.36 32.65
Jun 27.78 29.99 30.56 30.58 29.43 29.15 29.44 29.32 30.09 29.88 28.50 29.52
Jul 25.30 26.88 26.98 27.61 26.14 27.01 26.61 27.35 27.22 26.66 26.44 26.75
Aug 24.45 24.40 24.64 25.33 25.06 25.52 24.98 24.79 24.85 25.40 24.48 24.90
Sep 25.05 25.33 25.19 25.55 25.85 25.97 25.49 25.79 25.03 25.30 25.11 25.42
Oct 25.98 26.53 25.80 26.78 26.60 27.77 26.09 25.01 25.41 26.64 25.51 26.19
Nov 26.01 27.12 25.64 25.92 27.20 27.83 26.30 24.04 24.00 25.73 24.13 25.81
Dec 23.94 25.21 24.74 22.44 25.87 26.42 25.64 22.02 25.14 25.65 23.01 24.55
Mean 27.27 28.16 27.76 27.76 28.11 28.57 27.74 27.71 27.41 27.87 26.98 27.76

reliability for off-grid systems. Hybrid solutions have while supporting essential services, such as healthcare,
been shown to enhance energy access in rural settings education, and agriculture. 38,44 This aligns with the

Volume 22 Issue 6 (2025) 54 doi: 10.36922/AJWEP025070039