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Almoshadak

Table 4. Osmomodulatory compounds level in the root and leaf samples of Suaeda monoica
Organ Soluble sugars Soluble proteins Free amino Free proline
(mg/g DM) (mg/g DM) acids (mg/g DM) (mg/g DM)
Root Site 1 45.45±4.85 a 6.43±0.10 c 10.78±2.07 b 1.18±0.09 d
Root Site 2 32.55±2.47 b 6.38±0.24 c 9.74±1.38 c 0.97±0.11 d
Root Site 3 49.69±0.42 a 5.27±0.33 d 7.74±0.92 d 3.72±0.19 a
Leaves Site 1 37.75±0.63 b 14.06±0.09 a 13.59±0.52 a 2.65±0.04 b
Leaves Site 2 45.26±1.85 a 12.19±0.12 b 6.28±1.11 e 2.77±0.11 b
Leaves Site 3 46.68±4.95 a 12.24±0.35 b 5.31±0.83 f 2.29±0.18 c
Source of variation
Fisher’s test 12.775 799.654 292.516 190.942
Probability 0.0002 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000
Least significant difference 5.534 0.4149 0.559 0.231
Notes: a,b,c The different letters in the same column represent significant variations at a 5% level. Sites having different letters indicate
significant differences in the parameters measured, whereas the same letters indicate no significant differences in the parameters
measured.
Abbreviation: DM: Dry matter.

S. monoica. Overall, SS exhibited the highest levels ability to efficiently overcome tough settings. These
among the measured compounds in leaf and root samples findings align with the reports of Joshi et al., who
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across the investigated sites, with FP being documented found that S. monoica predominantly accumulates
as the least abundant osmoregulatory molecule. SS, SP, and FP as organic compounds to combat
The results indicated that SS levels were significantly harsh environmental challenges. This implies that
higher in the roots and leaves of S. monoica from this species likely utilizes a variety of organic solutes
site S3 than in the other sites (49.69 and 46.68 mg/g concurrently for osmoregulation and osmoprotection,
DM, respectively). In contrast, the lowest levels were with the varying significance of each potentially linked,
observed in the roots of site S2 and the leaves of site at least partially, to enhanced biosynthesis or reduced
S1. Nevertheless, the roots and leaves of S. monoica catabolism mechanisms within individual species.
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collected from site S1 displayed the highest levels of These results are corroborated by the observation that
SP and FAA among the sites. Specifically, SP levels halophytes concentrate and redistribute low molecular
were recorded at 6.43 and 14.06 mg/g DM in roots and weight organic solutes across distinct subcellular. 38,39,42,43
leaves, respectively, whereas FAA levels were measured In addition, osmolytes such as FP and SS have been
at 10.78 and 13.59 mg/g DM in roots and leaves, identified as pivotal factors in osmotic adjustment
respectively. Roots and leaves from site S3 exhibited in certain Suaeda species. These osmolytes could
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the lowest accumulation of FAA, with the least SP regulate the overall metabolic pool through alterations
accumulation observed in the roots of S. monoica at in the expression of signaling proteins and biosynthetic
site S3 and the leaves of site S2. In contrast to SP, the enzymes related to stress-responsive genes. 45
highest levels of FP were documented in the roots of The variation in osmomodulatory compounds
S. monoica from site S3 and in the leaves collected between sites likely reflects the interplay between
from site S2 (3.72 and 2.77 mg/g DM, respectively). environmental stressors and genetic adaptations.
Meanwhile, the roots of S. monoica at site S2 and the For example, the higher accumulation of SSs in site
leaves at site S3 accumulated the lowest levels of FP. S3 samples may be a response to increased salinity, as
These findings revealed S. monoica as a resilient sugars play a crucial role in osmotic adjustment and
halophytic plant species that uses adaptation tactics to stress protection. Similarly, the elevated levels of FP
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accumulate osmoregulatory chemicals to live in harsh in site S2 samples could indicate a site-specific stress
environmental conditions. Haque et al. revealed response, as proline is known to accumulate under
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that S. monoica’s photosynthetic capacity can be drought and salinity stress. However, without detailed
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boosted under specific conditions, resulting in a higher data on soil composition, water availability, and genetic
accumulation of carbon and nitrogen molecules and the differences among the S. monoica populations at each

Volume 22 Issue 3 (2025) 52 doi: 10.36922/ajwep.8523