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Explora: Environment
and Resource WTW emissions of road and rail transport

Table 1. Definition of reference transport units
Mode Transport unit Definition
Passenger transport
Road PV (passenger vehicle, fuel/energy mix) Average Australian passenger vehicle, based on a travel weighted (VKT) combination of small/
a
medium/large cars and compact/large SUVs reflecting a mix of powertrains: ICEV (petrol,
diesel, liquefied petroleum gas), HEV, PHEV, BEV, and FCEV.
Rail PT (passenger train, electric) Hypothetical average electric high-speed train based on a review of the international literature.
electric
Freight transport
Road (AT, fuel/energy mix) Heavy-duty vehicle (B-double associated with long-haul transport) with a gross vehicle mass
of 90 tonnes and an average payload of 33 tonnes that reflected a travel-weighted (VKT) mix of
powertrains (ICEV, HEV, PHEV, BEV, and FCEV).
Rail7 FT (freight train, diesel) Typical diesel container train for the Inland Rail route, consisting of three National Rail class
diesel
locomotives and wagons with 40% double stacking. The train had a nominal length of 1,800 m in 2030
and 3,600 m in 2050, with corresponding mean unladen weights of 1,750 tonnes and 2,700 tonnes.
FT (freight train, electric) As diesel train, but with reduced energy consumption for electric drive.
electric
Abbreviations: AT: Articulated truck; BEV: Battery electric vehicle; FCEV: Fuel-cell electric vehicle; FT: Freight train; HEV: Hybrid electric vehicle;
ICEV: Internal combustion engine vehicle; PHEV: Plug-in hybrid electric vehicle; PT: Passenger train; PV: Passenger vehicle; SUV: Sport-utility vehicle;
VKT: Vehicle-km travelled.

Figure 3. Flow diagram showing the approach followed in the probabilistic analysis

of the assessment model, in which the response variable efficiency, emission intensity of the grid, hydrogen refueling
Y (WTW emission intensity) described the emissions efficiency, etc.) collectively described the magnitude,
performance, and the predictor variables X , X ,…, X variability, and uncertainty in the response variable. Various
2
1
n
(e.g., occupancy, cargo payload, battery recharging methods were used to define the input distributions for
Volume 1 Issue 1 (2024) 5 doi: 10.36922/eer.3470