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Explora: Environment
and Resource Carbon neutrality and low-carbon behavior in space tourism

Table 6. Results of confirmatory factor analysis Table 7. Correlation coefficient and AVE
Dimension Items Estimate SE SMC CR AVE NC DC CC LCM LCA LCB
NC NV1 0.678 0.033 0.454 0.802 0.503 NC 0.709
NV2 0.736 0.030 0.542 DC 0.612** 0.760
NV3 0.677 0.033 0.462 CC 0.528** 0.490** 0.807
NV4 0.743 0.029 0.552 LCM 0.460** 0.387** 0.397** 0.779
DC DC1 0.780 0.025 0.608 0.845 0.578 LCA 0.447** 0.444** 0.484** 0.473** 0.752
DC2 0.735 0.028 0.540 LCB 0.470** 0.546** 0.466** 0.556** 0.685** 0.744
DC3 0.717 0.029 0.517 Notes: The diagonal numbers are the square root of the AVE, and the
DC4 0.805 0.023 0.645 numbers below the diagonal are the correlation coefficients between
the latent variables. **At 0.01 significance level (two-tailed), the
CC CC1 0.778 0.025 0.607 0.849 0.652 correlation is significant.
CC2 0.787 0.025 0.618 Abbreviations: CC: Criticality cognition; DC: Disruption cognition;
CC3 0.856 0.021 0.734 LCA: Low-carbon tourism awareness; LCB: Low-carbon behavior
intention; LCM: Low-carbon travel motivation; NC: Novelty cognition.
LCM LCM1 0.772 0.024 0.596 0.885 0.607
LCM2 0.765 0.024 0.587
LCM3 0.752 0.025 0.566 Table 8. Indicators of structural validity and criteria thereof
LCM4 0.819 0.020 0.669 Fitness indicators Measurement standards Measurement results
LCM5 0.785 0.023 0.616 χ /df <3 1.535
2
LCA LCA1 0.795 0.023 0.632 0.866 0.566 SRMR <0.05 0.035
LCA2 0.804 0.022 0.648 RMSEA <0.05 0.036
LCA3 0.683 0.030 0.466 CFI >0.90 0.973
LCA4 0.678 0.031 0.458 TLI >0.90 0.969
LCA5 0.790 0.023 0.623 Abbreviations: CFI: Comparative fit index; RMSEA: Root mean square
LCB LCB1 0.720 0.031 0.517 0.788 0.553 error of approximation; SRMR: Standardized residual mean square;
TLI: Tucker–Lewis index.
LCB2 0.749 0.029 0.555
LCB3 0.762 0.029 0.587
Abbreviations: AVE: Average variance extracted; CC: Criticality Through utilizing Mplus software and the Bootstrap
cognition; CR: Combination reliability; DC: Disruption cognition; program, the significance of the mediating effect within the
LCA: Low-carbon tourism awareness; LCB: Low-carbon behavior research model was specifically examined. A significant
intention; LCM: Low-carbon travel motivation; NC: Novelty cognition; mediating effect is indicated when the product of the
SE: Standard error; SMC: Squared multiple correlation. regression coefficients from the independent variable to
recommended level of 0.9 by Xia and Yang, indicating the mediating variable and from the mediating variable
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strong model fitness and data consistency for this to the dependent variable is unequivocally non-zero. In
study. These results illustrate a high fitness level for the addition, the mediating effect is confirmed as noteworthy
measurement model and the quality of data aggregation when the confidence interval (CI) between the upper and
in this study. lower bounds does not encompass 0.
Every fit index value considered in this study has met Initially, 1,000 bootstrap samples encompassing the
the expected criteria, thus indicating a suitable fit for the complete original sample data set (n = 416) were obtained
research model. All eight underlying assumptions were using a sampling technique. The regression coefficients
verified through an in-depth analysis of the correlation originating from the mediating variable toward the dependent
between each potential variable using route coefficients, as variable and from the independent variable toward the
indicated in Table 9. The detailed analysis in Table 9 and 10 mediating variable were calculated based on these bootstrap
reveals that all path coefficients are positively significant. samples. Subsequently, the estimates of the product of the
These results affirm the successful testing of all research total regression coefficients were ordered numerically from
hypotheses, consistent with the study outcomes. The model the smallest to the largest, forming a 95% CI between the
conforms to the specified standards, and no modifications 2.5 and 97.5 percentiles. The presence of mediating effects is
are necessary for the research model in this study. affirmed when these regression coefficients’ 95% CI does not
encompass 0, as indicated in Table 10.

Volume 2 Issue 1 (2025) 9 doi: 10.36922/eer.3655