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Global Health Econ Sustain Stochastic modeling of age at menopausal

woman’s lifespan is typically categorized into the following menopause was significantly different for women who were
phases: infancy; puberty (adolescence); sexual maturation married and never married. The mean age at menopause
(reproductive age); climacteric period; and post-climacteric for 2200 US respondents who had experienced natural
years (Takeda, 2010). Two events, the starting and the menopause is found to be 50.5 to 51.4 years, it was 43.8 to
termination of natural menstruations, also known as 53 years for European and Latin American women as well
menarche and menopause, are considered milestones in as 42.1 to 49.5 years for Asian women. They claimed that
women’s reproductive life as they are markers of the starting the natural menopausal age was affected by their lifestyle,
and the ending of women’s reproductive life. The term reproductive behavior, and genetic factors.
“menopause” was first introduced by French physician A similar pattern of mean age at menopause has been
Gordanne in 1821 and was reported on the trends in the found in the case of Nepalese women. A cross-sectional
age at menopause by researchers since Sanes’s research work survey of two rural districts of Nepal by Aryal & Yadava
(Sanes, 1918). According to the World Health Organization’s (2005) estimated that the median menopausal age was
fact sheet on menopause, the majority of women go through 47 years using the life table technique and 46 years using
menopause as a result of natural aging around the age of 45 –
55 (WHO, 2022). Researchers around the globe have focused data computation. They also estimated that different
on describing the status and determinants of menopause, ethnicities and working females have slightly higher ages
yet mathematical modeling of menopausal timing has not at menopause than non-working females. Another sample

been explicitly explained. In this article, a stochastic analysis survey by Rajbhandari et al. (2013) found that the mean
of age at menopause was performed. Mathematical and menopausal age was 47 years with a standard deviation
of 5 years; furthermore, the data were differentiated for
probabilistic analysis of age at menopause helps to predict different ethnicities and it was reported that the Gurung
the current and future scenario.
community women had the highest menopausal age of
Different factors contribute to the timing of menopause 50 years whereas the Bahun/Chhetri community’s women
in women. Gold et al. (2001) identified the factors for the had the lowest menopausal age of 44 years. Another
timing of menopause, namely, genetics; living factors like descriptive study conducted in the Kapilvastu district of
body weight, smoking, prior use of oral contraceptives, and Nepal found that the average and median age at menopause
alcohol consumption; environmental factors like exposure were 46.3 and 47 years, respectively (Ghimire et al., 2015).
to certain chemicals or pollutants; medical conditions;
and race/ethnicity. This study focused on describing the Apart from the status and differentials of menopause,
distributional pattern of the age at menopause, and some some researchers studied to find the associated factors of age
probability distributions were used to model the data. The at menopause. Gupta et al. (2016) identified that menopausal
logistic and Rayleigh-generated log-logistic (RGLLog) symptoms were common among rural women visiting
distributions were found to be appropriate to describe the Nepal’s district hospital. Khadka et al. (2018) established
age at menopause of Nepalese women. among post-climacteric females having osteoporosis, the
year since menopause is positively correlated with body mass
2. Age at menopause of women index, inorganic phosphorus, and alkaline phosphatase, but
negatively correlated with the levels of calcium and vitamin D.
The age at menopause of women is a pivotal stage of
women’s reproductive life which is a marker of aging as Around the globe, the mathematical modeling of
well as the health status of women. Research on the analysis demographic variables has given considerable effort by
of menopause around the globe is confined primarily to researchers, but it is less in Asian countries (Gaire & Aryal,
determining the average age at menopause. Jaszmann (1976) 2015). One of the primary demographic indicators, along
showed that the average age at menopause for the Netherlands with migration and death, is fertility, which is directly affected
women was 51.4 years with a variability of 3.8 years. He by the age at menarche and menopause. Krailo & Pike (1983)
found that the timing of menopause is not associated with found that the logistic distribution best fitted for American
environmental factors, education, physical type, age at women’s menopausal age. Greer et al. (2003) described the
menarche, and pregnancy outcomes. Similarly, the average distribution of menopausal age using the quadruple-Gaussian
age at menopause reported by the World Health Organization curve. Jaszmann (1976) showed that the age at menopause for
was 51 years for industrialized countries in the 1990s (WHO, Netherlands women is approximately normally distributed.
1996). Greer et al. (2003) estimated the average and median Boldsen & Jeune (1990) analyzed the timing of menopause
age at menopause for Saudi Arabian women were 48.94 and using the Probit method and expressed the distribution in the
50 years, respectively. Furthermore, Priya et al. (2009) found Probit diagrams depicting frequency distribution similarly to
an average age at menopause of 46.04 years among Kshatriya a normal distribution. Aryal & Yadava (2005) forwarded the
females in India. Palacios et al. (2010) determined that age at concept of fitting probability distribution to explain the timing

Volume 1 Issue 2 (2023) 2 https://doi.org/10.36922/ghes.1239