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International Journal of Bioprinting Bioactive scaffold for necrosis bone repair

of osteoinductive activity, it is also susceptible to immune as a novel method for preparing tissue engineering
rejection. On the other hand, bioceramics exhibit low scaffolds. 19,20 Unlike traditional fused deposition 3D
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immune rejection and are broadly available and affordably printing technology, LTD 3D printing technology
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priced, but they lack osteoinductive activity. Therefore, prevents high temperatures or hazardous solvents from
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there is an imperative need to develop a bioactive destroying the activity of bioactive factors when printing
material for bone repair. Researchers have created a scaffolds, thereby ensuring the functionality of bioactive
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variety of bioactive bone repair materials in response to factors. Moreover, by homogeneously premixing the
these increasing demands. Chen et al. designed a complex bioactive factors with the bioink, the bioactive factors
hydrogel containing bone morphogenetic protein can be uniformly distributed within and on the surface
(BMP)-2 for the treatment for rat cranium defects. For of the scaffold, thereby imparting the whole scaffold with
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bone regeneration, Hong et al. designed a novel hybrid bioactivity. In addition, while conventional 3D printing
membrane composed of collagen and nano-bioactive can only retain macroscopic pores bigger than 100 μm,
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glass containing basic fibroblast growth factor. The high LTD 3D printing retains interconnected cellular-level
cost of most osteoinductive factors and the demanding microscopic pores (10–100 μm) that facilitate the growth
storage conditions have limited the clinical application of of cells and the interchange of metabolic substances within
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a majority of bioactive scaffolds, although encouraging the scaffold. Many researchers have used LTD 3D-printed
results from different studies have shown that the new bioactive scaffolds to treat bone defects. Gao et al.
materials made have beneficial effects on bone repair. prepared hierarchical porous induced biomineralization
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Consequently, we have committed ourselves toward scaffolds using LTD 3D printing technology. Lian et al.
finding an osteoinductive factor capable of overcoming designed LTD 3D-printed layered porous spongy scaffold
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these drawbacks and preparing bioactive bone repair for vascularized bone regeneration. Hence, bioactive
materials for clinical applications. scaffolds prepared by LTD 3D printing technology offer an
ideal strategy for repairing bone defects.
Biotin, also known as vitamin H, is a water-soluble B
vitamin required for vitamin C synthesis. In addition, In this study, different mass fractions of biotin were
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biotin is an essential nutrient for normal growth, added to poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid)/β-tricalcium
development, and health that is consumed daily by the body. phosphate (PLGA/β-TCP) bioink as osteoinductive factors
A shortage of biotin is associated with a variety of maladies, and then bone repair bioactive scaffolds were created
including dysbiosis of the intestinal flora, neurological using the LTD 3D printing technique. Superior biotin-
disorders, multiple sclerosis, and bone metabolism doped scaffolds used in in vitro experiments were selected
disorders. 13-15 Besides, biotin can be found in a wide range for in vivo testing after characterization, compatibility,
of foods and readily extracted from a variety of sources. and osteogenesis studies; subsequently, an ONFH-type
Since it is inexpensive and safe for consumption, biotin bone defect rabbit model was established to evaluate the
has the potential to be applied in medical applications. reparative effect of a bone repair scaffold on bone defect.
We have previously conducted a preliminary study on We demonstrated that biotin-doped bone repair
biotin’s ability to promote bone repair, a research area that scaffolds were effective in repairing ONFH-type bone
has received less attention. By enhancing the expression defects, and these encouraging results further strengthen
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of proteins such as BMP-2 and runt-related transcription the potential of biotin-doped scaffolds for wider
factor 2 (Runx2), the deposition of biotin powder on the applications since they are inexpensive and easy to prepare
surface of titanium rods using the low-energy electron (Scheme 1).
beam deposition technique achieves a greater bone repair
effect. However, the coating procedure can only modify 2. Materials and methods
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the surface of the material, and the lack of growth factors 2.1. Materials and regents
may compromise the replacement of the bone through Biotin, dexamethasone, ascorbic acid, β-glycerol sodium
crawling. Moreover, the coating procedure generates high phosphate, cell counting kit 8 (CCK8), and cytoskeleton
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heat at temperatures that cannot be withstood by many kit were purchased from Solarbio Science & Technology
osteoinductive factors. Therefore, a new technique that Co. (Beijing, China). PLGA and β-TCP powder were
can homogeneously incorporate osteoinductive factors purchased from Regenovo Co. (Hangzhou, China).
into the bone repair material to compensate for the lack of α-MEM was purchased from Biological Industries (Israel).
surface modification is urgently needed.
Fetal bovine serum (FBS), phosphate-buffered saline (PBS),
In recent years, low-temperature deposition (LTD) penicillin–streptomycin solution, Live/Dead staining
three-dimensional (3D) printing technology has emerged kit, and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) staining kit were

Volume 10 Issue 1 (2024) 434 https://doi.org/10.36922/ijb.1152