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International Journal of Bioprinting OLS design for distal femur osseointegration

This confirms that the osseointegration time between the Formal analysis: Chih-En Ko, Yu-Tzu Wang
defective bone and the implant is comparable to the bone- Investigation: Chun-Ming Chang, Yu-Tzu Wang
to-bone osseointegration time. Methodology: Chun-Ming Chang, Pei-Chun Wong,
Yu-Tzu Wang
4.6. Limitations of the study Writing – original draft: Chun-Ming Chang, Sin-Liang Ou,
In this study, the OLS implant was designed specifically for Yu-Tzu Wang
a distinct region of the distal femur. Future considerations Writing – review & editing: Yu-Tzu Wang
should involve gathering cases of distal femur tumors or
fractures, segmenting the femur into sections, and designing Ethics approval and consent to participate
varied optimal microstructures based on the diverse
biomechanical conditions of each section. This approach aims Surgical procedures for animal experiments were
to comply with the clinical requirements of osseointegration. approved by the Animal Use Protocol National Laboratory
Animal Center (NARLabs) (Protocol Title: Long-term
5. Conclusion Stability of lattice Implant, IACUC Approval No.: TIRI-
IACUC-2023-009).
This study aimed to develop an innovative implant for
reconstructing large bone defects in the distal femur, Consent for publication
focusing on optimizing the lattice design at the bone
interface to effectively stimulate surrounding bone Not applicable.
growth. By utilizing the biomechanical conditions
specific to the distal femur and employing finite element Availability of data
analysis, we determined that a lattice design featuring a Data are available from the corresponding author upon
0.8 mm pillar diameter and a 45° alignment angle would reasonable request.
induce the appropriate strain in the surrounding bone
for bone growth (approximating 4000 μ). Biomechanical Reference
tests further confirmed that the OLS implant efficiently
stimulates the surrounding bone, generating a strain 1. Wiese A, Pape HC. Bone defects caused by high-energy
ranging from 2046.4 μ to 2252.57 μ, conducive to bone injuries, bone loss, infected nonunions, and nonunions.
growth. In vitro biological tests have substantiated that the Orthop Clin North Am. 2010;41(1):1-4.
conductivity of the OLS implant is conducive to promoting doi: 10.1016/j.ocl.2009.07.003
cell growth and proliferation. Additionally, animal studies 2. Seitz H, Rieder W, Irsen S, Leukers B, Tille C. Three-
have demonstrated that the material and structural dimensional printing of porous ceramic scaffolds for bone
characteristics of the OLS implant effectively induce tissue engineering. J Biomed Mater Res B Appl Biomater.
osseointegration, with the percentage of intraluminal 2005;74(4):782-788.
growth exceeding 79.8%. The implant’s notable bioactivity doi: 10.1002/jbm.b.30291
also enhances its osseointegration capability. 3. Jones AC, Arns CH, Sheppard AP, Hutmacher DW,
Milthorpe BK, Knackstedt MA. Assessment of bone
Acknowledgments ingrowth into porous biomaterials using MICRO-CT.
Biomaterials. 2007;28(15):2491-2504.
None doi: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2007.01.046

Funding 4. Eil Bakhtiari SS, Bakhsheshi-Rad HR, Karbasi S, et al.
Polymethyl methacrylate-based bone cements containing
This work was supported by the National carbon nanotubes and graphene oxide: an overview of
Science and Technology Council (Project physical, mechanical, and biological properties. Polymers.
NSTC 112-2221-E-032-004-MY3). 2020;12(7):1469.
doi: 10.3390/polym12071469
Conflict of interest 5. Vaishya R, Chauhan M, Vaish A. Bone cement. J Clin Orthop
Trauma. 2013;4(4):157-163.
The authors declare no conflicts of interest. doi: 10.1016/j.jcot.2013.11.005
Author contributions 6. Gundapaneni D, Goswami T. Thermal isotherms in PMMA
and cell necrosis during total hip arthroplasty. J Appl
Conceptualization: Chun-Ming Chang, Pei-Chun Wong, Biomater Funct Mater. 2014;12(3):193-202.
Yu-Tzu Wang doi: 10.5301/jabfm.5000196

Volume 10 Issue 2 (2024) 559 doi: 10.36922/ijb.2590