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International Journal of Bioprinting Advancements in 3D printing

Figure 7. Polypropylene material. (A) Ag-Cu nanoparticles anchored on polypropylene (PP) nonwoven fabrics. Copyright © Elsevier 2021. Reprinted
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with permission of Elsevier. (B) Schematic illustration of the preparation of PMP/PP TFC membrane and subsequent anticoagulant modification with
PVA/PSS. Copyright © Elsevier 2022. Reprinted with permission of Elsevier. (C) Schematic illustration of lithium deposition for cells using rGO/Li-
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Al-LDH@PP separators. Copyright © Elsevier 2022. Reprinted with permission of Elsevier. (D) Scanning electron microscopy micrographs. 44,45 (E)
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Polypropylene-derived carbon can be employed as a heating element for boiling water at 8 W. 44,45 Copyright © Elsevier 2021. Reprinted with permission of
Elsevier. Copyright © John Wiley and Sons 2023. Reprinted with permission of John Wiley and Sons.
density of about 1.4. PVC materials are widely used in they can minimize damage to sensitive tissues and reduce
the medical device industry, mainly because of their good discomfort to patients (Figure 8).
physical properties, such as ease to manufacture, and good Polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) is a white, stable, non-toxic,
compatibility with intravenous fluids and blood. Commonly water-soluble polymer. It usually exists in the form of
used PVC products in medical treatment contain dihexyl a powder, flake, or flocculent solid produced through
phthalate plasticizer. The function of dihexyl phthalate is the polymerization and alcoholysis of vinyl acetate. PVA
to increase the elasticity of PVC products. As one of the contains many alcohol groups, which give it polarity and
most cost-effective and widely used plasticizers, dihexyl the ability to form hydrogen bonds with water. Therefore, it
phthalate functions to make PVC soft and elastic. PVC is soluble in water. It is also soluble in hot hydroxyl solvents,
is also the principal material used in disposable sterile such as glycerin and phenol, but insoluble in general
medical devices, and medical products made of plasticized organic solvents, such as methanol, benzene, acetone, and
PVC were originally used to replace natural rubber and gasoline. PVA with a degree of alcoholysis of less than
glass in medical devices, since plasticized PVC material 95% can be dissolved in water at room temperature, while
is easier to sterilize, more transparent, more chemically PVA with a degree of alcoholysis of more than 99.5% can
stable, and cost-effective. Plasticized PVC products are only be dissolved in hot water above 95°C. PVA has been
easy to use, and because of their softness and elasticity, widely used in the field of biomedical engineering due to

Volume 10 Issue 2 (2024) 53 doi: 10.36922/ijb.1752