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International Journal of Bioprinting Advancements in 3D printing

Figure 9. Polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) material. (A) A schematic illustration of the fabrication process of slippery PVA hydrogel contact lens using 3D-printed
smooth molds. Copyright © John Wiley and Sons 2023. Reprinted with permission of John Wiley and Sons. (B) Schematic illustration process for
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MXene@Ag/PVA composite films. Copyright © Springer Nature 2023. Reprinted with permission of Springer Nature. (C) Computer-aided design (CAD)
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model (left) and stereomicroscopic images (right) of perfusable branch constructs fabricated via volumetric printing using a resin containing 1.5% nPVA
and 3% nPVA within 14.2 and 11.5 s, respectively. Copyright © John Wiley and Sons 2023. Reprinted with permission of John Wiley and Sons. (D)
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Optical images of different magnetic salted-out PVA microrobot structures immersed in acetone. Scale bar: 100 µm. The insets correspond to the designs
used for printing the microstructures. Copyright © John Wiley and Sons 2023. Reprinted with permission of John Wiley and Sons.
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is the main polymer material used in the production of solvents but insoluble in water. PCL has a low melting
dialysis membranes for artificial kidneys (Figure 10). point, is biodegradable and biocompatible, and can be used
in degradable plastics, medical and hygienic products,
Degradable polymer materials refer to synthetic plastic materials, nanofiber spinning, plasticizers, etc. 65,66
polymers that can spontaneously degrade in a biological Poly(lactic acid-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) is produced by
environment and produce non-toxic degradation products. the random polymerization of two monomers, lactic acid
These materials must meet specific requirements, such and glycolic acid. It is a functional, degradable organic
as not causing an immune or toxic reaction after entering compound with excellent biocompatibility, non-toxicity,
the human body. In addition, the degradation time of the and film-forming ability. PLGA has a wide range of
material must match the time for the material to function applications in medicine, medical engineering, and various
in vivo, with its eventual metabolism occurring outside the modern industrial fields. In the United States, PLGA has
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body. Degradation products of the material must also be been certified by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration
non-toxic and non-immunogenic. Finally, the material must (FDA) and officially recognized as a pharmaceutical
be easy to process. Polycaprolactone, poly(lactic-co-glycolic excipient by the United States Pharmacopoeia (Figure 11). 68
acid), and hydrogel are typical degradable polymer materials.
3.2. Hydrogel materials
Polycaprolactone (PCL) is an organic polymer that Hydrogels are potential materials providing a strong
appears as a white solid powder. It is soluble in organic impetus behind the development of medical field. The 3D

Volume 10 Issue 2 (2024) 55 doi: 10.36922/ijb.1752