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International Journal of Bioprinting Advancements in 3D printing

human organs emerges as a promising trajectory that transformative breakthroughs in cancer treatment and
could revolutionize the field of organ transplantation. the fabrication of artificial organs is far from concluded.
Currently, the field of organ fabrication through 3D The complexities inherent in cancer, along with the
bioprinting is still in its nascent stages, with numerous multifaceted intricacies of organ functionality, present
underlying mechanisms yet to be fully elucidated. While formidable challenges that necessitate continued
successful achievements have been made in printing dedication, interdisciplinary collaboration, and innovative
simpler tissues such as cartilage and skin, considerable approaches. Nonetheless, the fusion of 3D bioprinting and
limitations persist when attempting to print organs with advanced biomedical research positions us on a promising
intricate functionalities, such as liver, heart, and kidneys. trajectory, guiding us toward future breakthroughs that
Presently, the focus lies in reproducing the structural form hold the potential to reshape the landscape of cancer
of the organ, but the replication of complex physiological treatment and organ manufacturing.
functions remains an ongoing challenge. Aspects like 6.3. Construction of in vitro physiological system
blood circulation, efficient oxygen and nutrient delivery Microphysiological systems, also commonly known as
to tissues, and timely elimination of metabolic waste prove organ-on-a-chip platforms, are in vitro constructs that
intricate to replicate. Consequently, achieving artificial emulate the interconnections between diverse human tissues
organs that emulate the capabilities of natural tissues and and organs. Each of these systems is meticulously fashioned
organs necessitates the convergence of 3D bioprinting to replicate both the configuration and functionality of
with microfluidic technology, organ chips, and other a distinct human organ or internal organ section. These
related approaches. This underscores the requirement for constructs are interconnected through microfluidic
continued exploration and research by numerous scholars networks. Their capabilities encompass the emulation
in the quest to develop functional artificial organs. and examination of interactions, such as those of drug–

6.2. Drug screening cell, cell–cell, and organ–organ, within an in vitro setting,
Absolutely, 3D bioprinting technology holds immense demonstrating an exceptional level of physiological fidelity.
potential in the realm of drug screening. As 3D Microphysiological systems span a spectrum of
bioprinting techniques advance, so does the refinement technological domains, including microfluidic chips, stem
of 3D cell culture methods, subsequently catalyzing the cell biology, 3D microarchitectures/matrices, engineering
development of sophisticated in vitro drug screening of multicellular systems, diverse bioassay methodologies,
models. This technology transcends the limitations database tools, and computational models catering to
of traditional single-layer cell cultures, offering the singular or multiple organ systems. The paradigm of
capability to intricately mimic the microenvironment microphysiological systems is poised to bring about
and material structure of cells within the body. This a paradigm shift in fundamental biology, physiology,
heightened fidelity in cell culture facilitates more pharmacology, toxicology, and medical research. The
accurate and intuitive representations of physiological emphasis of microphysiological systems should be
conditions, culminating in optimal conditions for drug on devising tools that are physiologically relevant,
screening and the mitigation of treatment-related risks, straightforward, reproducible, and economical, thereby
particularly in the context of cancer. By harnessing the benefiting the entire scientific community.
power of 3D bioprinting, the landscape of drug screening
is significantly enhanced, enabling researchers to explore 6.4. Transition from structural to functional
and assess potential treatments with heightened precision bioprinting
and reliability. 3D bioprinting is an advanced technology that combines
biological materials with biocompatible scaffold materials
Indeed, the in vitro tumor models engendered through
3D bioprinting technology offer a remarkable advancement to create biological tissues or organs with specific structures
and functions. In this field, there are several challenges, and
in accurately emulating the human physiological context. one of them is the transition from structural to functional
These models intricately replicate the dynamic spread of bioprinting.
tumor cells within the human body, enhancing the efficacy
of drug screening procedures. The progression of research Potential solutions to achieve this transition include:
in this field has even extended to encompass the intricate (i) Cell viability and differentiation. The structures
microenvironment existing within tumors.
created through 3D printing may have adverse effects
While these achievements signify notable strides, on cell viability and differentiation. Solutions involve
it is crucial to acknowledge that the journey toward improving the formulation of bioinks to enhance cell

Volume 10 Issue 2 (2024) 71 doi: 10.36922/ijb.1752