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International Journal of Bioprinting Advancements in 3D printing

Figure 19. Cellular printing. (A) 3D cell printing of large-volume tissue constructs with a granule-based printing reservoir. Copyright © Elsevier
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2019. Reprinted with permission of Elsevier. (B) Sequential steps of embedded extrusion volumetric printing. Copyright © John Wiley and Sons 2023.
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Reprinted with permission of John Wiley and Sons. (C) Printing code and gross images of the printed KdECMMA-based constructs. Copyright ©
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John Wiley and Sons 2019. Reprinted with permission of John Wiley and Sons. (D) Coaxial printing of monolayer and bilayer structures in complex
hollow tubes. Copyright © Elsevier 2020. Reprinted with permission of Elsevier. (E) Optical, scanning electron microscopy, and live/dead images of the
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structures printed using the dECM-MA-based bioinks. Copyright © Elsevier 2020. Reprinted with permission of Elsevier. (F) High-definition single-cell
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printing printhead design and operation. Copyright © John Wiley and Sons 2020. Reprinted with permission of John Wiley and Sons.
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each organ. Despite that, some specific limitations of whereas decreasing it compromises printing accuracy,
bioprinting should be acknowledged. thus jeopardizing cell viability. Conversely, light-assisted
methodologies sidestep the nozzle structure, effectively
5.1. Methods managing both cell vitality and printing precision.
Extrusion printing poses a considerable hurdle to Nonetheless, it is important to note that light exposure also
sustaining cell viability. When printing involves cells, influences cell activity, necessitating judicious control of
the chief detriment to cellular integrity arises from the light parameters for optimal outcomes.
shear forces induced by liquid flow during the printing
process. Furthermore, the diminutive caliber of the nozzle 5.2. Materials
markedly exacerbates cellular impairment. Consequently, Modifying crosslinked materials presents a pivotal
the extrusion printing approach encounters challenges approach within the realm of light-assisted molding. This
in concurrently attaining optimal cell vitality and precise technique, known as crosslinking molding, involves the
printing. Altering the nozzle diameter entails trade- fixation and shaping of printed materials through precise
offs: increasing it compromises printing resolution, temperature regulation, chemical treatments, ultraviolet

Volume 10 Issue 2 (2024) 69 doi: 10.36922/ijb.1752