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Caroline Murphy, Krishna Kolan, Wenbin Li, et al.

Figure 5. EDX analysis on the surface of the 50:50 PCL/13-93B3 glass scaffold soaked in α-MEM. (A) Graph of line scan data
showing the variation in Ca, P, O, and C in atomic weight percentages; presence of Ca, P, and O on the reacted surface confirms the
glass reaction and formation of HA-like material, (B) SEM image with the arrow line indicating the scanned area for EDX analysis.

Figure 6. Live/Dead images of ASCs suspended in Matrigel and printed on the 50:50 PCL/13-93B3 glass composite scaffold. Im-
aged after (A–B) 24 hours, and (C–D) 1 week. The dotted lines indicate the outline of the filament and dark space indicates the pore.

biopolymers [32] . Extrusion of solvent dissolved poly- (50% glass) composite pastes using a live/dead assay.
mer and bioactive glass is safe at r oom temperature The results showed healthy living A SCs on P CL/13-
and reduces the process complexity since there is no 93B3 glass filaments even after one week of incubation.
need for temperature control. This method can be An important aspect in extrusion bioprinting is to
adopted by most of the existing open-source 3D prin- create a scaffolding structure that supports cells and
ters available in the market. Chloroform (CF) was provides shape and mechanical integrity. Extru-
used in this study because it provides: (i) a high vis- sion bioprinters typically have more than one syringe,
cosity paste, making it suitable for extrusion-based 3D with one of the syringes devoted to print scaffolding
printing, (ii) fast evaporation (~2 min), making it safe structure. The options utilized for this purpose include
to print ASCs in Matrigel during the fabrication melt-deposition of polymer and fused deposition
process, (iii) filament porosity for accelerated glass modeling (FDM) with a polymer wire feed. Because
dissolution to the surrounding, and (iv) faster poly- of high temperatures involved in many melting bio-
mer bulk degradation by exposing the interior of fila- polymers such as polylactic acid (PLA, with a melting
ment. To address the issue of safety with the use of CF point of 160 °C), PCL has become one of the most
while depositing bio-ink, we performed cell viability widely used polymers owing to its lower melting point
study on scaffolds made with C3 (30% glass) and C5 of 60 °C. For 3D printing, PCL is an attractive op-

60 International Journal of Bioprinting (2017)–Volume 3, Issue 1