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Pakhomova, et al.
with syringe paste extruder for the printing of 4.4 Software for scaffold generation
chitosan composite scaffolds. It allows us to use (pre-processing)
simplify 3D as slicing and preprocessing software
for bioprinting. Other professional software such 4.4.1 Software for automatic scaffold generation
as additive manufacturing “Magics” (Materialize)
was used for the preparation and slicing of the 3D Scaffold generation is a crucial task for
model of the biocompatible implant for the patient’s bioprinting, and there are specific requirements
for tissue scaffolds. For the research tasks in
cranial . The 3D model was reconstructed the tissue scaffolds engineering, the following
[84]
from computed tomography and fabricated from parameters are required: Generation of a uniform
titanium. According to Naghieh et al. , Magics and non-uniform lattice, changing the size of
[85]
is used for the design and preprocessing of the pores and porosity of the whole construction,
3D model of scaffolds, followed by fabrication setting up of a volume of material to be used for
of the scaffolds from gelatin using 3D bioplotter scaffold fabrication, and opportunity to create the
(EnvisionTEC, Germany). There are also open- continuous tool paths inside and between layers
source projects for slicing and preprocessing of and others.
polygonal 3D models, such as CuraEngine and The uniform lattices with regular continuous
Slic3r. CuraEngine is a part of a large open-source patterns can be generated using BioScaffolds PG.
project Cura. It represents as a console application It is a specific software for scaffold generation
and provides prepared G-code for a wide range for bioprinting . It has the necessary parameters
[92]
of fused filament fabrication printers [86,87] . Cura for modeling of a customizable uniform scaffold
is an engine for slicing. CAD integration and and the opportunity to export the models for the
other powerful features had been developed for Fab@Home platform . Successful tests with
[93]
3D printing and could be useful to resolve 3D polycaprolactone scaffolds fabrication proven the
bioprinting issues. usability of this software.
According to Ariffin et al. , CuraEngine is The function representation approach (FRep)
[88]
the better solution for application that requires based on using real continuous functions can be
increase accuracy using lesser filament. For the used for the parametrized non-uniform scaffold
production of parts with a hanging structure, the modeling . It gives a certain freedom in the
[94]
best solution is Slic3r due to excessive material modeling of lattices and microstructures with
that can act as a support. The Cura software is complicated forms. It allows us to apply any
popular slicing software for the prototyping of functions, space-mappings, and transformations for
3D bioprinters. It has many features of 3D model the space coordinates to obtain the sophisticated
preprocessing and supports various motherboards geometrical shapes. The software which implements
to control the device that is under development. such an approach are HyperFun , Uformia
[95]
For example, in projects Mielczarek et al. and software , and FRepCAM .
[89]
[97]
[96]
Datta et al. , the Cura software plays a role in the For the scaffolds fabrication for clinical
[90]
graphical interface with G-code preparation for a purposes, triply periodic minimal surfaces
prototype of a 3D bioprinter constructed by the (TPMS) structures were studied. In some research
authors. These prototypes of 3D bioprinters use works, such structures showed good properties of
syringe pump extruders with different inks. The permeability [98-100] . The first researcher working
gelatin methacrylate doped with a photoinitiator on TMPS structures is Schwarz [101] , followed
as the printing substance was used in the first by Schoen [102] and Karcher [103] . An open-source
study and alginate with honey was used in the software based on the generation of the TPMS
second study. In other work, Cura and Slic3r are structures around any surface was developed, which
mentioned as “slicer” software and also used for is known as POMES (Porous and Modifications
extrusion-based bioprinters . for Engineering Surfaces) [104] . It allows generation
[91]
International Journal of Bioprinting (2020)–Volume 6, Issue 3 49