Page 51 - IJB-6-3

Pakhomova, et al.
a lattice structure was designed and manufactured. work [71] . Its functionality becomes pretty helpful,
Another example of the printed cellular structures when the manufactured geometry is obtained
can be found in Faramarzi et al. , which bioinks from medical scanning data and mimics natural
[55]
were used in this study. structures [72] . More details on this topic will be
Some researchers used TinkerCAD to print discussed further at the software to translate
for the printing of necessary equipment needed medical data to CAD section.
for biofabrication. For example, it was used for It should be noted that a short overview above
modeling of inserts in papers [56,57] . In Ivanov and does not mean that the three mentioned software
Grabowska , the design of the mold maker was are the most wide spread tools in modeling for
[58]
provided with TinkerCAD, the authors of Yang bioprinting. Researchers use many other modeling
et al. used it to create a model of a special extruder. packages. There are others Autodesk products such
[59]
Another example of the TinkerCAD application is as Maya, Fusion 360, Inventor Netfabb; SketchUp
the modeling of microfluidic chips [60,61] . (Trimble Inc, United States), Rhinoceros (Robert
TinkerCAD is mostly used for modeling of McNeel & Associates, United States), and
simple geometry or for manipulation with existing Voxelizer (ZMorph, Poland).
meshes. Moreover, in some cases, more advance CAD-based software have a number of lacks for the
specialized software tools like Meshmixer has bioprinting. Some errors of CAD systems acceptable
to be used to postprocess meshes created with for its direct purposes can lead to serious problems
TinkerCAD. Meshmixer as a software tool will be in the development of bioprinting industry. Computer
considered further. software characterizes commonly as a service, not a
More sophisticated software can be used for the
same purposes. There are few examples of using product, and its failure leads to legal issues. Clarifying
the industry standards could help in the early
Blender software for modeling purposes. Blender identification of potential coding defects. However,
allows producing more complex geometry
based on the skills of the user. In one study, it it could be challenging to predict scenarios that may
had demonstrated the use of Blender (Blender require legal attention in 3D bioprinting. Therefore,
Foundation, The Netherlands) for cryogenic 3D there will be a need to determine what are the essential
printing . Built-in Blender primitives also can quality of the 3D bioprinted organ or tissue, including
[62]
be used for bioprinting of simple shapes . In the the type of models, biomaterials, methods, or all of
[63]
study conducted by Mussi et al. , it was used to these combined. Besides, in software development,
[64]
prepare an ear model. Some other studies also show there is a need to pay more attention not only to
the use of Blender’s for scaffold generation [65,66] . its efficiency but also to the safety of the software.
Some papers had also proposed Blender as a tool Requirements of the software validation should meet
for vascular modeling [67-70] . the patient requirements. Hence, there is a need for
However, software tools that were used for various validation methods due to the fact that a
modeling the STL format are usually used as number of software tools cannot be comprehensively
[73]
a 3D printing standard. An STL file contains tested only through the source code .
triangular mesh, therefore it is necessary to There is also another problem arises with using
have a powerful tool for mesh processing when CAD-based software. The software is usually used
working with STL file. Meshmixer (Autodesk, for modeling of simple shapes or for operating
San Rafael, USA) is one of such software tools. with reconstructed 3D models of organs. In the last
Autodesk Meshmixer is the software for editing case, the interaction is performed under meshes in
and modification of the STL mesh. It also allows common such representation laсks functionality
us to do in filling to build microstructure inside the essential for bioprinting. For example, it is quite
3D model. It was used in some above-mentioned difficult or sometimes impossible to model natural
researches, such as one study that involves an structures with multiple materials. Another problem
artery fabrication has applied Meshmixer in their is difficulties with modeling of multiscale structures.

International Journal of Bioprinting (2020)–Volume 6, Issue 3 47