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Software for bioprinting
includes analysis of biological data such as cell space, the object boundary is named “implicit
populations, genetic sequences, or others to surface.” Any algorithm or function can be used
make new prediction. There are researches about until it can return a real value. Functions in the
genome data analysis and computational biology FRep approach form a system where different
algorithms [125] , development of some pattern- materials and other parameters can be described.
based system prototypes , and also hierarchical The FRep approach is a suitable method to provide
[90]
modeling with supporting composite modeling [126] . a heterogeneous representation of objects with any
The progress in computation biology could be also complexity. Besides, a mammalian cell colony was
accelerated by integrating with machine learning simulated using the FRep approach [132] . The colony
and other research fields, which are traditionally was modeled as a set of deformable particles, which
related to data science [127] . As for computational are contacting with each other. A new particles
approaches for biofabrication, computational fluid pair, which models the process of cell division, can
dynamics software packages are widely used to substitute an existed before particle. This simulation
calculate flow fields, shear stresses, and mass has specific features such as real functions that define
transport with and around 3D bioconstructs and arbitrary shapes of particles and particular rules of
bioreactor environments [119] . particles’ behavior. A collision detection algorithm
Nonetheless, the most crucial tools in the field was used to define communication between
of computational biology for the 3D bioprinting particles. To solve of the packing problem, a genetic
are computational methods such as analytical algorithm was used. Changing the particle shape,
methods, mathematical modeling, and simulation size, and orientation was used for the simulation
on all 3D bioprinting stages such as pre-processing, of a deformable particle. One of the figures of the
processing, and post-processing. simulation is presented in Figure 3 [132] .
Therefore, the FRep approach represents a
4.5 Approaches for future development method that could help to solve such crucial

According to Robu et al. [109] , the software that issues in bioprinting as the heterogeneous volume
controls the bioprinter and, in general, includes modeling of living tissues and whole organs.
of CAD or CAM software now should include a Besides in the living objects modeling, the FRep
module for simulation to predict the evolution of the approach allows us to model various cellular
printed construct. However, nowadays, bioprinting structures that are very important for implants
software usually can offer either only control or only modeling. The example of the cellular structure,
simulation. Besides, the software for simulation in developed with the FRep approach, is presented in
bioprinting is not so widespread. The solution of this
problem could be developing such software that will
include ability to work on all necessary stages. It
should be able to provide control of the bioprinting
process. Besides, it should have a module for
simulation, and a slicer that can work with model
file formats that are suitable for heterogeneous
volume modeling in bioprinting. FRep has shown
appropriate method to solve this issue [128-130] . FRep
can define an object by a continuous function
f(x ,x ...,x ) (1)
1
2
n
where f is a real continuous function defined on
n-dimensional Euclidean space E that must have Figure 3. Simulated with the help of function
n
positive values inside the object, negative values representation approach mammalian cell
outside, and zero on the surface [130,131] . In the 3D colony [132] .

52 International Journal of Bioprinting (2020)–Volume 6, Issue 3