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Bishop and Leigh
Table 1. Results showing different print times for open source and the headbands described in this
paper
Design N3DPS [24] Prusa- Verkstan [26] Version 2 Version 1 Version 2 Version 2 Version 2
reduced [25] (desktop parallel sequential
printer)
Printer Ultimaker 3 Ultimaker 3 Ultimaker 3 Ultimaker 3 3DP 3DP 3DP 3DP
Nozzle size (mm) 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 1.8 1.8 1.8 1.8
Layer height (mm) 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 1 1 1 1
Total print time (min) 115 75 69 92 5 4 129 90
Print time per 115 75 69 92 5 4 4 min 47 s 3 min 20 s
headband (min)
3DP: 3D platform

it is feasible to parametrically optimizing a
design for a simple thermoplastic component for
production using LSAM, with areas of the design
that would typically take a number of nozzles
passes with a traditional sub-mm nozzle able to be
deposited with just a single pass from a nozzle on a
LSAM system. By leveraging the key advantages
of LSAM, it is possible to achieve production
rates up to ×20 faster than traditional desktop 3D
printing, achieving a production rate that more
closely bridges to manufacturing processes such
as injection molding.

Figure 6. Mechanical testing results of the Acknowledgments
three-dimensional printed headbands.
The authors would like to acknowledge 3DFilaPrint
(Ultimaker 3) were mechanically tested (tensile Ltd. for support with the sourcing and provision
parallel to layers) alongside other open-source of material for the project and the EPSRC for the
designs, with the results shown in Figure 6. Ph.D. studentship for EGB.
Version 2 (Desktop) had a similar breaking force Conflicts of interest
to the Prusa-r design, the Verstan and N3DPS
show a different characteristic plot which reflects No conflicts of interest were reported by all
the very different design approach to these two authors.
designs. Version 2 (Large-Scale) can be seen to be
much stronger with a breaking force of 1120 N References
compared to Version 2 (Desktop) of 320 N.
[1] Riou J, Althaus CL, 2020, Pattern of Early Human-to-
4 Conclusions Human Transmission of Wuhan 2019 Novel Coronavirus
(2019-nCoV), December 2019 to January 2020. Euro
LSAM has been shown to be a technology Surveill, 25:2000058. DOI: 10.2807/1560-7917.
capable of producing components of PPE devices es.2020.25.4.2000058.
in significantly less time than the traditional 3D [2] Paules CI, Marston HD, Fauci AS, 2020, Coronavirus
printing systems such as desktop FFF devices. Infections-more than Just the Common Cold. JAMA,
Through the thorough understanding of the 2020:0757. DOI: 10.1001/jama.2020.0757.
interplay between design and process parameters, [3] Li Q, Guan X, Wu P, et al., 2020, Early Transmission

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