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Attarilar, et al.
Table 2. (Continued)

AM method Characteristics Results References
SLM This scaffold has the elastic modulus in [124]
the range of 1.93-5.24GPa and an ultimate
strength ranging within 44.9- 237.5 MPa,
enhanced osteoblasts adhesion and migration,
improved cell proliferation, and early osteoblast
differentiation

Trabecular like scaffolds based on
the Voronoi Tessellation principle
with a porosity range of 48.83 –
74.28% and varying irregularities
(0.05 – 0.5)
SLM SLM has high accuracy in printing CAD modeled [125]
scaffolds associated with cell proliferation of
about 140% which is superior to that of about
90% in other uniform structures. Hence, these
Exterior with octet truss cell (75% porous functional graded structures are a better
porosity and pore size of 1042 μm) and option for bone implant applications.
internal structure with tetrahedron cell
(80% porosity and pore size of 700 μm)
EBM The mechanical properties of microlattices are [85]
in the range of the same parameters of human
cortical bone. In addition, their compressive
strengths and Young’s modulus are in the range
of 169.5 – 250.9 MPa and 14.7 – 25.3 GPa,
respectively. The existence of edges to close up
Heterogeneous porous micro lattices with the lattice boundaries enhances the mechanical
the coarse central porous pillar and fine properties. The anisotropic design could
pores within walls. Nutrients exchange improve structural efficiency in a specific
through micro-scaled pores and milli- loading direction
scaled pores are responsible for cell
seeding, porosities up to ∼ 60%
EBM The wide wall spacing facilitates nutrients [88]
transports into the implant, and the micro-pores
are responsible for seeding the bone cells. The
stress-shield effect is inhibited by maintaining
the Young’s modulus values between 8 and
15 GPa. The compressive strength was in
the range of 150 – 250 MPa. The mechanical
Upgraded gyroid lattices, gyroid wall properties fall within the natural range of the
spacings in millimeter range and additional human bone
micrometer-scaled pores on the walls
SLM, selective laser melting; EBM, electron beam melting.

a total knee replacement using the 3D printed tantalum (4) Shape memory alloys (SMA)
on an 84-year-old man who was able to do some basic The shape memory effect is a unique phenomenon in
movements only a day after the surgery [133] . Despite the which the deformed material has the ability to recover
challenges in the 3DP of tantalum due to the high melting to its original shape and size when heated in a special
temperature (~3000°C), the produced samples are still characteristic temperature range or as a response
praiseworthy for being very compact and having fewer to mechanical stresses by a reversible martensitic
defects. transformation. This impressive feature bequeaths the

International Journal of Bioprinting (2021)–Volume 7, Issue 7 37