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Figure 2. Construction of 3D mimetic bone tissue by 3D bioprinting. (Ai) Schematic diagram of the structure of a native bone; design and
fabrication of the engineered vascularized bone structure. (Aii) Schematic diagram of the microstructure of vascularized construct based on
matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-sensitive GelMA hydrogel, the formation of vascular lumen, and capillary network in different regions .
[70]
(Reproduced from H. Cui, W. Zhu, M. Nowicki, et al., Hierarchical Fabrication of Engineered Vascularized Bone Biphasic Constructs Via
Dual 3D Bioprinting: Integrating Regional Bioactive Factors Into Architectural Design, Wiley. © 2016 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH Co.
KgaA Weinheim). (Bi) Schematic diagram of a complex bone structure. (Bii) Schematic diagram of the fabrication process of complex
bone construct through 3D bioprinting strategy. (Biii) Illustration of bioprinted cell-laden hydrogel cylinders through an SLA bioprinter .
[6]
(Reproduced from B. Byambaa, N. Annabi, K. Yue, et al., Bioprinted Osteogenic and Vasculogenic Patterns for Engineering 3D Bone Tissue
Wiley. © 2017 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH Co. KGaA, Weinheim).
To address the challenges of large-scale bone tissue fabricated a biomimetic bone tissue construct comprised
with a 3D vascularization network, Khademhosseini et al. of a perfusable vascular lumen through an extrusion-
International Journal of Bioprinting (2021)–Volume 7, Issue 3 43