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Xu, et al.
A B

C D

E F G

H

I J K

L

Figure 7. Initial experiments and prefabricated printing results. Three enabling technologies of motor-driven pistons (within the black
rectangle), pneumatic-driven pistons (within the blue rectangle), and mechanical screw extrusion (within the red rectangle) were used.
(A) Gelatin, silica gel, nanocellulose, and PF127 material were used to print human ear structures. (B) Results of printed mesh ([i],
PF127), cervical stent ([ii], GelMA), and spinal cord ([iii], GelMA) structures. (C) Structure printed with GelMA material. Single-
nozzle printed grid scaffolds (i). Double nozzles alternately print grid structures (ii). Complex 3D structures (turtle model) printed with
a single nozzle (iii). (D) Printing results of pneumatic microextrusion, models of ear (i), mesh (ii), and multilayer hydrogel skin-like
structure (iii). (E-G) Fused deposition modeling of PCL structures. (H) Coaxial extrusion results of a perfusable tubular structure. Solution
electrospinning (I) and near-field melt electrospinning (J and K). (L) Suspension media used as technological aid for 3D bioprinting of
vascular branch structure (i), octopus model (ii), hollow polyhedral structure outline (iii), liver contour stent (iv), heart contour stent (v),
unilateral structure model of vascular axis section (vi), and salivary gland (vii). Scale bar: 5 mm (A, B, C, D, E, F, G, H [ii, iv, v, vi], J, L),
500 μm (H[iii]), 10 μm (I[i], K), 1 μm (I[ii]), and 2 μm (I[iii]).

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