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International Journal of Bioprinting 3D bioprinting of tissue with carbon nanomaterials

Figure 4. Chondroinductive graphene oxide (GO) containing alginate-based hydrogels (ACG). (A) Digital images of lyophilized three-dimensional
(3D)-printed scaffolds of (a) ACG, (b) ACG/GO0.1, and (c) ACG/GO1. Field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM) images of their surfaces:
(d, g) ACG, (e, h) ACG/GO0.1, and (f, i) ACG/GO1. (B) Proliferation of human adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells (hADMSCs) on the printed scaf-
folds (*p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, and ***p < 0.001). (C) Immunocytochemical analysis of the chondrogenic markers (green), including collagen type II (COLL
II), aggrecan (ACAN), and SOX 9, on the scaffolds after 28 days of culture. Red and blue staining indicates cytoskeleton F-actin and nuclei, respectively
(scale bar: 500 μm). Reprinted from ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces, 12, Olate-Moya F, Arens L, Wilhelm M, et al., Chondroinductive alginate-based
[95]
hydrogels having graphene oxide for 3D printed scaffold fabrication, 4343–57, Copyright (2018), with permission from American Chemical Society .
bioconjugated gel induced chondrogenic differentiation proteoglycan-like gel from a bioinspired conjugate with
without any additional pro-chondrogenic factors 28 days alginate-bovine serum albumin-tannic acid (ABT) for
after cultivation (Figure 4). direct four-axis printing of hollow porous tube-mimicking
structures without any supporting materials . The gel-
[97]
Unlike bone and cartilage tissues, the fabrication of
neural tissue through 3D bioprinting is intricate and loaded syringes were attached to the pneumatic-based EBB
requires excellent resolution. In a study, Bordoni et al. printer with multiple syringe holders for 3D printing. The
prepared a nanofibrillated cellulose (NFC)-alginate-single- CaCl + sodium periodate (NaIO ) mixture with 1 hour
4
2
walled CNTs (SWCNTs)-based 3D-printed conductive incubation was used for the post-printing treatment
[96]
scaffold for neural TE . They bioprinted the scaffold of the scaffolds. The gel became electroconductive by
into a gelatin supporting bath following the EBB process incorporating CNTs and 3D printable by the controlled
2+
using INKREDIBLE + Bioplotter, and then placed the crosslinking mechanisms of Ca ionic interaction and
scaffold in a petri dish at 37°C for 60 minutes. The human NaIO oxidation. CNTs with concentrations of 0.098,
4
neuroblastoma cells (SH-SY5Y) cultivated on NFC/10% 0.244, and 0.325 g were blended into 3.25 mL of the ABT
CNTs with differentiation factors created a complex neural gel, and the obtained gels were labeled as ABT-CNT3,
network connecting the neurons within 10 days. Moreover, ABT-CNT7.5, and ABT-CNT10, respectively. When
the cells grown on the NFC scaffold showed a typical assessing the biocompatibility of the gels with hMSCs, the
undifferentiated cancer cell type that generates colonies; cells grown on ABT and ABT-CNT showed significantly
furthermore, the cells did not have any neurites. In higher cell viability than the control (latex) (p < 0.05), thus
contrast, the 10% CNTs films demonstrated differentiated proving their cytocompatibility.
cells with numerous long neurites of approximately Cui et al. synthesized a tough polyion complex (PIC)
150 µm. In another study, Janarthanan et al. fabricated a hydrogel incorporating multiwall CNTs (MWCNTs) and

Volume 9 Issue 1 (2023) 190 https://doi.org/10.18063/ijb.v9i1.635