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International Journal of Bioprinting 3D printed PEEK scaffold mediates macrophages to affect osseointegration

Figure 8. New bone formation after 12 weeks of implantation of scaffolds with different pore sizes into rabbit tibial defects. Representative images of
histological slices stained with H&E, Masson’s trichrome, and von Kossa staining (scale bar = 200 μm). Abbreviations: HB, host bone; NB, new bone; RM,
residual material.

Figure 9. Biomechanical test of the repaired tibial defect after 12 weeks of implantation. Schematic diagram of biomechanical test (A), maximum load (B),
and stiffness of tibial specimens (C). Data are shown as the mean ± SD for n ≥ 3; *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, and ***p < 0.001 indicate significant differences when
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compared to the PEEK0; p < 0.05, p < 0.01, and p < 0.001 indicate significant differences when compared to the PEEK200.
type macrophages. In the process of recognizing material bb [14,27,41] . The pore size of the scaffold has no effect on
properties and polarizing into different phenotypes, the degree of inflammatory response of macrophages, but
macrophages release a large number of cytokines, which the scaffold with larger pore size can promote the anti-
can then perform different functions [15,40] . ELISA results inflammatory effect of macrophages and increase the
showed that macrophages seeded on PEEK400 scaffolds release of osteogenesis- and angiogenesis-related factors.
secreted more M2-related cytokines (TGFβ, IL-10, or
insulin-like growth factor [IGF]) and less M1-related The effects of CM obtained by co-culture of
cytokines (IL-6) than macrophages seeded on PEEK0 macrophages with scaffolds on scratch healing and
scaffold. In addition, PEEK400 scaffolds with larger pore angiogenesis-related gene expression in HUVECs were
size had the highest concentrations of osteogenesis-related evaluated in vitro. The wound healing results showed that
factor BMP-2 and angiogenesis-related factor PDGF- the CM in the PEEK400 group was more able to promote

Volume 9 Issue 5 (2023) 140 https://doi.org/10.18063/ijb.755