Page 370 - IJB-9-5

International Journal of Bioprinting Multifunctional hydrogel surgical training model

Figure 4. Force–displacement curves for simulated puncture sutures of single tissue samples (a) and suture needles of different tissue samples (b). Field
test picture (c).

various living tissues. These results fully confirm that the typical force–displacement curve of a simulated surgical
softness of elastic hydrogels can be precisely adjusted to needle piercing into a tissue simulation sample at a speed
match multiple tissue and organ models with viscoelasticity of 60 mm/min. The presence of a distinct mutation point,
similar to that of biological soft tissues. Furthermore, the which we call the puncture point, indicates that rupture
tissue-like softness of the hydrogels significantly reduced has occurred, or in other words, that the needle tip has
friction due to their high water content and wettability punctured the outer membrane of the model. During the
(Figure 3c). In addition, the improved lubricity of these needle insertion into the soft tissue, the relative motion
elastic hydrogels is due to the extrusion of water under between the needle and its surrounding tissues cannot
load, exhibiting excellent slip properties . be ignored . The process is divided into two phases: the
[31]
[30]
no-rupture phase (zero relative velocity) and the rupture
3.3. Surgical instrument feedback characterization phase (presence of relative motion). It can be seen that
of hydrogel training model with the increase of PVA component concentration, the
Liver trauma is the most common and severe abdominal force required by the puncture point gradually increased
trauma, and timely suturing of the liver is especially from 0.2 to 0.6 N, which is in line with the range of force
important. Besides, various difficult surgical suturing sizes required for the suture needle to puncture the suture
training is also an ability consideration and professional target in human tissue during suturing . Surgical suture
[32]
quality improvement for surgeons. Figure 4a shows a often involves needle insertion between different tissues.

Volume 9 Issue 5 (2023) 362 https://doi.org/10.18063/ijb.766