Page 372 - IJB-9-5

International Journal of Bioprinting Multifunctional hydrogel surgical training model

Figure 6. (a) Hydrogel liver model and (b) ultrasonic scalpel simulate liver parenchymal resection. (c) Hydrogel kidney tumorization model and
(d) simulated tumor resection.

simulate the actual environment in surgery, the bleeding rate, surgeons have to put forward higher requirements on
process of the blood vessel was simulated by connecting surgical skills. As shown in Figure 6, the formulation of 10%
an external fluid circulation pump. The bleeding sample PVA/PAM-1 h was selected for the preparation of liver and
was coagulated and stopped using an ultrasonic scalpel. kidney models, while the formulation of 15% PVA/PAM-1
The process is shown in Videoclip S3 (Supplementary h was chosen for the preparation of tumors. To evaluate
File). In short, embedding tiny blood vessels in the model the resectability of the completed model, an ultrasonic
is expected to provide a scenario of unexpected occurrence scalpel was used to simulate the resection of the marginal
for the training design of complex surgery and also serve portion of the liver parenchyma. The actual resection
as a standard for the technical evaluation of doctors in the flow was smooth and stable, as shown in Figure 6a–b
surgical process. and Videoclip S4 (Supplementary File). In addition, the
instrumentation response and the tumor removal effect
For an advanced surgeon, suturing, knotting, and
[33]
standard anatomical techniques are critical skills . of the tumor kidney model during the resection process
were evaluated by the tumor resection of the kidney. As
Surgical resection is currently the primary curative shown in Figure 6c–d, it can be known that the tumor
treatment for liver and kidney tumors. Surgeons are was resected as a whole without excess residue, and the
often tasked with ensuring adequate removal of tumors, resection process was smooth and stable without excessive
minimizing intraoperative blood loss, and preserving good interference. The actual demonstration process of both
residual organ function. The most common complications resections is shown in Videoclip S5 (Supplementary File).
of hepatic and nephrectomy include bleeding, intra-
[34]
abdominal infection, and post-operative organ failure . In addition to surgical resection, microwave ablation
To ensure the safety of patients and reduce the mortality of malignant liver tumors has many indications. The

Volume 9 Issue 5 (2023) 364 https://doi.org/10.18063/ijb.766