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International Journal of Bioprinting 3D-printed PLA-BG composite induces angiogenesis

Figure 5. Viability of HUVECs seeded on PLA–BG disks measured with the alamarBlue assay. Viability (presented as fluorescence intensity) increased
with BG concentration in the test specimen on day 1 and day 4 in comparison to control. Results are expressed as median and quartiles (n = 9). Mann–
Whitney U tests revealed significant differences (*P < 0.05, **P < 0.01, ***P < 0.005; ****P < 0.001). For a better overview, only the significant differences
are indicated.

Until now, there are no quantitative data concerning neoangiogenesis on the CAM can be analyzed after 3–7
the effects of BG on angiogenesis tested with Matrigel days [44,45] .
assay. To sum up the in vitro results, we can clearly state Determination of the vascular density around the scaffold
that the 3D-printed PLA disks with a BG content of 10% or showed a significantly higher density 7 days after placement
20% induce angiogenic properties. of the PLA–20%BG disks compared to the pure PLA and the
PLA–10%BG discs (Figure 8). As negative control, the PLA
3.7. CAM assay pure was used. A control without scaffold has not been used
To analyze the neo-vessel formation around the scaffolds as the material itself influences the CAM by friction and
as well as its integration into the vascular network, a weight. Neoangiogenesis around the scaffold was measured
CAM assay was performed. The CAM assay is a simple, to show the effect of the scaffold on vascularization.
[42]
fast, and low-cost model to test angiogenesis in vivo .
It is an attractive alternative to small animal models and Determination of the vascular density around the
respects the guidelines for a reduction of animal numbers scaffold demonstrated a significantly higher density 7 days
[43]
and experiments . Moreover, compared to small animal after placement of the PLA–20%BG disks compared to the
models, where periods of up to 6 weeks are necessary, the pure PLA and the PLA–10%BG disks (Figure 8).

Volume 9 Issue 5 (2023) 60 https://doi.org/10.18063/ijb.751