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International Journal of Bioprinting 3D bioprinting for vascular system

Figure 4. Suitable sources of cells. (A) A culture chip for a sphere of cells. Self-assembling spheres of endothelial cells form microvessels . (B) Left: Early
[60]
vascular cell (EVC) spheres can generate vascular networks more rapidly than single EVCs. Right: Fluorescent image of a microvascular network growing
out of an EVC sphere .
[61]
The endothelial cells arranged in different patterns and printed different patterns of endothelial cells on bone
have different activities of generating vascular networks. calcium defects in mice, including a “ring” pattern, a
Mirabella et al. designed three different vascular-patterned “disk” pattern, and a “cross-circle” pattern. The “disc” and
print structures . Compared with the vascular patch “cross-circle” patterns had the highest local endothelial cell
[66]
without the pattern, the vascular patch with the geometric density and significantly increased blood vessel formation
pattern had better perfusion after implantation in the distal in the body .
[67]
limb of the host. This result suggests that the geometric
design of the vascular channel in the patch affects its While the natural cellular microenvironment is
ability to salvage perfusion . Kérourédan et al. designed anisotropic, the cellular and matrix components in bio-ink
[66]
Volume 9 Issue 6 (2023) 266 https://doi.org/10.36922/ijb.0012