Page 446 - IJB-9-6

International Journal of Bioprinting 3D bioprinting for lung tissue

Figure 1. Types of 3D bioprinting, including inkjet-based bioprinting, extrusion-based bioprinting, laser-assisted bioprinting, and other emerging
technologies. Created with BioRender (www.biorender.com).
a combination of these biomaterials with advanced 3D extruded through a nozzle or a syringe, lithography
bioprinting techniques proves highly promising. bioprinting, and inkjet-based bioprinting, where small
droplets of bioink are deposited layer by layer. To achieve
3. Macroscale 3D bioprinting the desired tissue morphology (especially the complex
3.1. Macroscale 3D bioprinting techniques respiratory system) in macroscale bioprinting, various
Macrobioprinting application addresses the medical factors need to be considered, including the biomaterial
requirements to develop transplantable tissue structures inks, the design of printing patterns, and the optimization
that meet feasible anatomical dimensions on a of printing parameters.
macroscale . Macroscale 3D bioprinting focuses on Macroscale 3D bioprinting for lung tissue involves
[25]
creating larger and more complex tissue constructs (e.g., the fabrication of larger-scale structures that mimic the
artificial trachea) that closely resemble natural tissues architecture and functionality of native lung tissue .
[31]
[26]
in terms of their macroscopic features . Macroscale By accurately depositing material inks and creating
bioprinting materials and strategies have shown significant appropriate scaffolds, researchers can recreate the
progress in TE, encompassing the overall shape, structure, structural organization necessary for proper lung function
and volume of printed biological tissues . Macroscale 3D (Figure 2A). The construction of macroscale lung tissue
[27]
bioprinting involves the use of larger bioink formulations can be deposited layer by layer using techniques like
and printing strategies to create 3D structures . These 3D bioprinting or assembled into larger structures
[28]
bioink materials need to possess biocompatibility, to mimic the desired lung tissue architecture . This
[32]
biodegradability, bioabsorbability, and printability. technology facilitates precise deposition of biomaterials,
The bioink also incorporates biomaterials, which act such as hydrogels, in a controlled manner, enabling the
as a support structure and provide cues for cell growth construction of intricate structures that mimic the native
and tissue formation. Commonly used biomaterials in macroscale tissues . Macroscale 3D bioprinting for
[33]
macroscale bioprinting include hydrogels (e.g., alginate, lung tissue holds promise for various applications and
gelatin, or collagen) or synthetic polymers . In addition to potentially transplantation in the future.
[29]
biomaterials, macroscale bioprinting allows for the printing
of various cell types, including stem cells, differentiated 3.2. Macroscale 3D bioprinting for lung tissue
cells, or a combination of multiple cell types . Macroscale recapitulation and application
[30]
bioprinting employs different strategies to deposit bioink 3D spheroid bioprinting technology has the potential
and build 3D structures. The most common methods to create human lung tissues on a macroscale, utilizing
include extrusion-based bioprinting, where bioink is biomaterial scaffolds, which can include the intricate

Volume 9 Issue 6 (2023) 438 https://doi.org/10.36922/ijb.1166