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Innovative Medicines & Omics Antioxidant nanomedicines for therapies

dissection is also associated with oxidative stress-induced of mesoporous polydopamine shell to mitigate ischemia-
vascular endothelium injury, it is expected that the reperfusion injury. This work provides an efficient delivery
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development of antioxidative nanomedicines can also approach to occluded thrombi.
provide applicable approaches for treating such an aortic Thrombosis is associated with the development
disease. of other cardiovascular diseases such as myocardial
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3.6. Thrombosis treatment infarction. Guo et al. have constructed a phenylboronic
acid nanocarrier to load antioxidant protocatechualdehyde
Thrombosis is a vascular pathology characterized with and thrombolytic tPA, for thrombolysis and mitigation
aberrant platelet aggregation and fibrin deposition, of myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury. The
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forming thrombus that blocks blood flow and oxygen nanocarrier was coated with platelet membrane, enabling
transportation. 138,139 As a consequence, normal organs may the active targeting to thrombus region. Under the
suffer from ischemia and hypoxia. Timely thrombolysis activation of acidic thrombus microenvironment, the
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is essential for restoring the blood flow. At present, only phenylboronic acid nanocarrier is degraded to release tPA
one thrombolytic, tissue plasminogen activator (tPA) and protocatechualdehyde, enabling the dissolution of
has been approved by FDA for antithrombotic therapy. intravascular thrombus and scavenging of excessive ROS,
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However, such a drug suffers from a low stability, short concurrently achieving thrombolysis and cardiac repair.
half-life and narrow therapeutic window, and is associated This work provides instructions to treat thrombosis-related
with a risk for tissue hemorrhage. 142,143 In addition, during cardiovascular diseases.
thrombolysis, the restored blood flow will lead to a second
ischemia-reperfusion injury, resulting in the generation Cardiovascular diseases are dangerous and lethal
of ROS, damaging blood vessels. Therefore, the efficient at terminal stage. The development of antioxidant
antithrombotic treatment demands not only the timely nanomedicines is beneficial to alleviate cardiovascular
dissolution of thrombus, but also the scavenging of oxidative injury and modulate inflammatory
excessive ROS to mitigate oxidative injury. microenvironment (Table 1), providing a feasible strategy
to stabilize the patient’s condition of cardiovascular
Deep vein thrombosis during pregnancy can lead diseases and restore cardiovascular function.
to abortion, fetal growth restriction, and placental
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abruption, threatening the lives of the mother and fetus. 4. Bone disease treatment
Benefiting from recent advances in nanomedicine-based The abnormal morphologies and functions of bone
thrombolysis, 145,146 Cheng et al. prepared a multifunctional tissues will affect people’s normal activities and even cause
nanomedicine for the treatment of deep vein thrombosis disability. Recent emergence of antioxidant nanomedicines
during pregnancy (Figure 8). The nanomedicine was may provide feasible approaches for the treatment of
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constructed by the self-assembly of a designed amphiphile various bone diseases, including rheumatoid arthritis,
with a thrombolytic effect, conjugating antioxidative TP, osteoarthritis, and osteoporosis.
and anti-inflammatory linoleic acid. Then, the nanoparticle
was decorated with a fibrin-binding peptide enabling active 4.1. Rheumatoid arthritis treatment
targeting to thrombus site. The nanomedicine can inhibit As a typical autoimmune disease, rheumatoid arthritis
platelet aggregation, promote thrombolysis, and alleviate is characterized by a multi-articular, symmetrical, and
vascular oxidative stress and inflammation. In pregnant invasive inflammation of small joints of hands and foots,
rats with deep vein thrombosis, the nanomedicine can leading to joint deformity and function loss. The
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target thrombi to re-canalize vessel occlusion and inhibit development of rheumatoid arthritis is closely associated
thromboembolism, thereby overcoming intrauterine with the overproduction of ROS, as a consequence of
growth restriction to reverse the delayed growth of fetuses. metabolic disorder of multiple cells especially immune
The blood flow at and near the thrombus is blocked cells in the joint. ROS can activate macrophages and
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and even static, disadvantageous for nanomedicine to be promote their polarization toward proinflammatory M1
delivered to the thrombus site. To solve this issue, recently, phenotype, which release various proinflammatory factors
Xu et al. prepared an antioxidant nanomedicine with a such as interleukin-1β (IL-1β) and tumor necrosis factor-α
magnetic Fe O core that can guide the nanomedicine under (TNF-α) to further promote ROS production, forming a
3
4
an extrinsic magnetic field to occluded thrombi. Such a vicious circle. During the progression of rheumatoid
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magnetic targeting approach enables the active targeting arthritis, a tumor-like microenvironment is formed
of nanomedicine to thrombus site independent of blood with characteristics of oxidative stress, inflammation,
flow or pressure gradient, favoring the antioxidative action low pH, angiogenesis, and hypoxia. In general, non-
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Volume 1 Issue 1 (2024) 10 doi: 10.36922/imo.2527