Page 16 - JCAU-6-2

Journal of Chinese
Architecture and Urbanism Leisure-time physical activity

Table 1. (Continued)
First Study City Sample Age Sociodemographic Built environment: LTPA outcomes: Psychosocial
author, (n) range or other factors assessment, factors assessment, factors
year (years) condition studied
Liu et al., Cross Dalian 316 ≥60 Self-reported; (i) Objective through GIS; Self-report through
2018 -sectional gender, age, income (ii) Distance to the nearest questionnaires; LTW
level, household park
composition, (iii) Self-report via a
episode participation five-point Likert scale;
occasion variables accessibility
(activity time, trip to local shops,
purpose, activity footpath conditions,
duration, activity neighborhood esthetics,
companion), and and traffic safety
walking location
choices
Cerin Cross Hongkong 484 ≥65 Self-reported; gender, Objective through the Self-reported through
et al., 2013 -sectional age, educational Environment in Asia Scan IPAQ; recreational
attainment, and Tool-Hong Kong version; walking and OLTPA
other significant Presence of recreational and
environmental commercial facilities, safety,
predictors infrastructure, and esthetics
and cleanliness, including
perceptible pollution
Lyu et al., Cross Harbin 367 ≥18 Self-reported; gender, Self-report through a Self-reported through Self-reported;
2022 -sectional age, educational five-point Likert scale; IPAQ; LTPA psychological
attainment, income, Environmental quality, traffic willingness;
and occupational walkability, and facility family and
status accessibility social impact
Abbreviations: GIS: Geographic information system; IPAQ: International Physical Activity Questionnaire; LTPA: Leisure-time physical activity;
LTW: Leisure-time walking; NEWS: Neighborhood Environmental Walkability Scale; OLTPA: Other forms of leisure-time physical activity.

Table 2. Type classification of urban built environment characteristics in the included articles

Category Meaning Examples
Design The urban design creates walkable catchments around activity Walking/cycling space, coverage of neighborhood green,
centers and incorporates accessible public open space indoor places for walking, and recreation facilities
Density The variable of residential per unit of area Residential density
Distance LTPA locations located within short walking distances from Distance to the nearest park and square, proximity to
home recreational facilities
Destination LTPA locations are conveniently accessible by public transport Accessibility to commercial destinations, accessibility to
accessibility or on foot recreation, and physical activities facilities
Diversity Residential areas built with different types of housing mixed with The diversity of land use functions
commercial, public, and recreational opportunities
Desirability Neighborhoods designed to be safe, attractive, and accessible; Esthetics and cleanliness-related characteristics, street
LTPA locations that are convenient, affordable, frequent, safe, pavement slope, pollution/stray animals/signs of crime/
and comfortable disorder, social disorder/littering, and traffic safety
Composite or Combining multiple urban BE characteristics into one indicator Neighborhood walkability
other and the potential diversity of other influencing characteristics
Abbreviations: BE: Built environment; LTPA: Leisure-time physical activity.
sufficiently large participant response rate; (ii) controlling participants separately in areas with high or low walkability
for sociodemographic variables (e.g., age, gender, and at the time of recruitment); (iii) using clearly described or
socioeconomic status) or stratifying participants based validated measures to assess urban BE characteristics and
on at least one key urban BE characteristic (e.g., sampling LTPA levels; and (iv) accurately presenting the results (e.g.,

Volume 6 Issue 2 (2024) 7 https://doi.org/10.36922/jcau.2427