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136 Abtahi et al. | Journal of Clinical and Translational Research 2024; 10(2): 119-140
Table A5. (Continued)
Factors Data set Definition CVR CVR assessment (critical,
essential, or rejected)
IL-1 IL-1 is a costimulatory molecule in the acute phase response [78]. −0.8 Rejected
IL-2 IL-2 is involved in the proliferation of B-cells and activated T-cells [78]. −0.6 Rejected
IL-2R IL-2Rs are neoplasm, autoimmune disorder, and inflammation −0.6 Rejected
indicators [78].
IL-8 IL-8 is a neutrophil and T-cell chemoattractant [78]. −0.6 Rejected
IL-10 IL-10 is a cytokine production inhibitor [78]. −0.8 Rejected
Enzymes and Albumin Albumin is the most abundant protein in blood [60]. −0.2 Rejected
biomarkers AST AST is a good indicator of liver diseases, such as cirrhosis [62]. 0 Essential
ALT ALT is an indicator of liver diseases. It is a more specific marker of liver 0.2 Essential
diseases and infection than AST [63].
Total bilirubin Bilirubin is produced in the hemolysis of RBCs [64]. −0.2 Rejected
LDH LDH is an enzyme with increased levels of hemolysis, necrosis, pneumonia, 0.6 Essential
and acidosis [65].
CRP CRP is an indicator of infection and acute inflammation [66]. 0.6 Essential
PCT PCT is a protein that indicates bacterial infection and sepsis [67]. 0.2 Essential
Ferritin Ferritin is an iron-storage protein and an indicator of artery and 0 Essential
inflammatory diseases [68].
Cardiac biomarkers Cardiac troponin Cardiac troponin is the main marker for cardiac infarction [69]. 0.6 Essential
and tests for the NP-proBNP NT-proBNP is an essential protein for the production of BNP hormones [79]. 0.4 Essential
cardiovascular CK CK is an indicator of muscle, brain, and heart damage [60]. −0.2 Rejected
system
Myoglobin Myoglobin is a muscle oxygen storage protein [80]. −0.6 Rejected
D-dimers D-dimers are byproducts of a blood clot and can indicate thrombosis [70]. 0.8 Critical
Coagulation AT AT activity is measured to diagnose thrombotic disorders [71]. −0.2 Rejected
screening PT PT measures the function of the external coagulation pathway [60]. −0.2 Rejected
APTT APTT evaluates the internal coagulation pathway [60]. −0.2 Rejected
FDPs FDP measurements indicate fibrinolysis [60]. 0 Essential
Fibrinogen Fibrinogen is a preceding substance that transforms into fibrin [72]. −0.2 Rejected
Other factors Platelet count Platelet in the blood causes coagulation formation [58]. 0.4 Essential
GFR Indicates the flow of plasma from the glomerulus into Bowman’s space in a 0.4 Essential
specific period [73].
Performance score APACHE and ANZROD are different types of illness prognostic scoring 0.2 Essential
(e.g., APACHE and systems in intensive care units [74].
ANZROD)
SpO at admission SpO at admission refers to the pulse oximetry-derived SpO in room air at 1 Critical
2
2
2
the first hospital admission [36].
SOFA score The SOFA score is used as a diagnostic indicator [75]. 0.4 Essential
CURB-65 score The CURB-65 score is a scoring system that plays a role in patient mortality [76]. 0.4 Essential
Blood pH The pH of blood refers to its acidity. The typical pH of blood in the arteries 0.8 Critical
ranges from 7.35 to 7.45.
PaO 2 PaO refers to the partial pressure of oxygen. 1 Critical
2
Abbreviations: ALT: Alanine transaminase; ANZROD: Australian and New Zealand risk of death; APACHE: Acute physiology and chronic health evaluation; APTT: Activated partial
thromboplastin time; AST: Aspartate transaminase; AT: Anti-thrombin; BMI: Body mass index; BUN: Blood urea nitrogen; CK: Creatine kinase; CKD: Chronic kidney disease; COPD: Chronic
obstructive pulmonary disease; CRP: C-reactive protein; CURB-65: Confusion, blood urea > 42.8 mg/dL, RR > 30/min, blood pressure < 90/60 mmHg, age > 65; CVD: Cardiovascular
disease; CVR: Content validity ratio; eGFR: Estimated glomerular filtration rate; FDP: Fibrin degradation product; GFR: Glomerular filtration rate; IL-1: Interleukin-1; IL-2: Interleukin-2;
IL-2R: Interleukin-2R; IL-6: Interleukin-6; IL-8: Interleukin-8; IL-10: Interleukin-10; LDH: Lactate dehydrogenase; NP-proBNP: N-terminal pro b-type natriuretic peptide; PaO : Arterial
2
oxygen pressure; PCT: Procalcitonin; PT: Prothrombin; RBC: Red blood cell; RR: Respiratory rate; SOFA: Sequential organ failure assessment; SpO : Oxygen saturation; TNF-alpha: Tumor
2
necrosis factor-alpha; WBC: White blood cell.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.36922/jctr.22.00226