Page 63 - JCTR-11-4

Journal of Clinical and
Translational Research AR-TAVR coaxiality assessment using 3DP

Table 3. Procedural and hospitalization outcomes
Characteristics Overall cohort (n=612) Non‑3DP group (n=384) 3DP group (n=228) p‑value
Procedural outcomes
Bioprosthetic valve size 27.7 (1.7) 27.8 (1.5) 27.4 (1.9) 0.693
Implanted THV oversizing 41 (6.7) 28 (7.3) 13 (5.7) 0.553
Operating time, in 114 (16.8) 119 (15.2) 105 (16.1) <0.001***
DSA time, min 7.5 (3.0) 8.4 (3.0) 6.0 (2.4) <0.001***
Radiation amount, mL 645 (138) 722 (113) 514 (48.2) <0.001***
Extubation in OR 230 (38.2) 104 (27.7) 126 (55.5) <0.001***
Post-procedural outcomes
Device success 598 (97.7) 370 (96.4) 228 (100.0) 0.008**
Conversion to open heart surgery 6 (1.0) 6 (1.6) 0 (0) 0.089
Transfer to ECMO 2 (0.3) 2 (0.5) 0 (0) 0.532
Cardiopulmonary bypass 3 (0.5) 3 (0.8) 0 (0) 0.298
THV displacement 6 (1.0) 6 (1.6) 0 (0) 0.089
Tamponade 6 (1.0) 6 (1.6) 0 (0) 0.089
Coronary obstruction 1 (0.2) 1 (0.3) 0 (0) 1.000
Valve-in-valve implant 2 (0.3) 2 (0.5) 0 (0) 0.532
Paravalvular leakage
None 346 (56.5) 188 (49.0) 158 (69.3) <0.001***
Trace 184 (30.1) 122 (31.8) 62 (27.2) <0.001***
Mild 78 (12.7) 70 (18.2) 8 (3.5) <0.001***
Moderate 4 (0.7) 4 (1.0) 0 (0) <0.001***
Implanted depth
LCC depth, mm 10.3 (3.0) 10.7 (3.0) 9.54 (2.9) <0.001***
RCC depth, mm 8.1 (2.9) 8.4 (2.8) 7.5 (3.0) <0.001***
NCC depth, mm 7.8 (3.1) 8.1 (3.0) 7.2 (3.2) 0.001**
Coaxial angle, ° 11.5 (4.0) 12.0 (4.2) 10.5 (3.7) <0.001***
Coaxiality index, % 3.8 (2.0) 4.0 (2.1) 3.4 (1.7) <0.001***
ICU stay, days 1.6 (0.8) 1.8 (0.9) 1.2 (0.5) <0.001***
Hospitalization stay, days 8.7 (4.1) 10.0 (4.2) 6.6 (2.7) <0.001***
In-hospital outcomes
Death 3 (0.5) 3 (0.8) 0 (0) 0.298
Myocardial infarction 5 (0.8) 5 (1.3) 0 (0) 0.163
Stroke 3 (0.5) 2 (0.5) 1 (0.4) 1.000
Bleeding (major or life-threatening) 2 (0.3) 2 (0.5) 0 (0) 0.532
Major vascular complications 3 (0.5) 3 (0.8) 0 (0) 0.298
Complete atrioventricular heart block 26 (4.3) 26 (6.8) 0 (0) <0.001***
Acute kidney injury (stage 3) 33 (5.4) 29 (7.6) 4 (1.8) 0.004**
Notes: Continuous variables are expressed as mean and standard deviation, while categorical variables are presented as frequency and percentage.
p-values represent the significance levels of the comparisons between the 3DP and non-3DP groups. **p<0.01, ***p<0.001.
Abbreviations: DSA: Digital subtracted angiography; ECMO: Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation; ICU: Intensive care unit; LCC: Left coronary
cusp; NCC: Non-coronary cusp; OR: Operating room; RCC: Right coronary cusp; SD: Standard deviation; THV: Transcatheter heart valve;
3DP: Three-dimensional printing.

patients with pure AR, and the short- and mid-term incidence of PVL and other procedural complications
clinical outcomes are satisfactory; (ii) the previously high after implantation appears to be reduced by pre-operative

Volume 11 Issue 4 (2025) 57 doi: 10.36922/jctr.24.00084