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Microbes & Immunity Dietary emulsifiers affect the presence of AIEC

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Figure 4. Function analysis of AIEC-related pathways in CD patients. (A) Differential functional pathways associated with AIEC presence in CD patients,
as identified by a linear mixed model. The left panel displays boxplots showing log -transformed normalized abundance of each pathway, stratified by
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AIEC-positive (pink) and AIEC-negative (blue) CD patients. Overlaid density plots denote the abundance distribution of functional pathways in each
group. The right panel shows the corresponding -log transformed p-value from the linear mixed model, indicating the statistical significance of group
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differences. (B) Spearman correlation heatmap showing associations between significantly altered microbial genera and functional pathways for AIEC
presence in CD patients. The color-coded bar on the right denotes the Superclass level of each functional pathway, including amino acid biosynthesis,
aromatic compound degradation, cofactor/carrier/vitamin biosynthesis, and others.
Abbreviations: AIEC: Adherent-invasive Escherichia coli; CD: Crohn’s disease.
of inflammation-related transcription factors such as important pathway for producing acetate—which latter
Nuclear factor kappa B. Acetylene degradation is an was known to reduce intestinal inflammation. It has
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Volume 2 Issue 4 (2025) 74 doi: 10.36922/MI025230051