Page 12 - MSAM-2-2

Materials Science in Additive Manufacturing Union of 2D nanomaterials and 3D printing

A D

E
B

C
F

Figure 2. Neural cytotoxicity and biocompatibility of graphene and single-wall carbon nanotubes. (A) TEM image of graphene nanosheets with low
magnification. (B) SEM image of the semitransparent graphene nanosheets. (C) TEM image of the single-wall carbon nanotubes with high-resolution.
Effect of graphene and SWCNT on (D) mitochondrial toxicity and LDH release. Morphology change of PC12 cells of (E) control, graphene, and SWCNT.
Bars = 10 μm. Effect of graphene on (F) ROS generation and apoptosis. The figures were reproduced from Zhang et al. . Copyright 2010, American
[73]
Chemical Society.
TEM: Transmission electron microscopy; SEM: Scanning electron microscopy; SWCNT: Single-wall carbon nanotube; LDH: Lactate dehydrogenase;
ROS: Reactive oxygen species.

Adding functional groups such as amino, alkyl halogen, hydrogel was shown to have excellent biocompatibility
hydroxyl, carboxyl, or azide to 2D nanomaterials modify and enhanced proliferation and spreading of PC12 cells.
their chemical structure. The functionalization of the Polydopamine (PDA), PEG, TiL4, and hydrogel can be used
surface offers the advantages of effectively loading a large to modify the surface of BP NSs, increasing their stability
number of biomolecules and delivering them precisely to and reducing toxicity by neutralizing the partial negative
the targeted cells while also enabling a more homogenous charge on their surface. Kang et al. created functionalized
material dispersion. The effect of surface functionalization poly(l-lactide-co-ε-caprolactone) (PLCL) and laminin
is significant as pure graphene exhibits high hydrophobicity (Lam) nanofiber matrices with BP (PLCL/Lam/BP)
and tends to aggregate in aqueous solutions, including (Figure 3A-E) . In vitro experiments demonstrated a
[79]
biological fluids that contain salts and proteins. The toxicity substantial increase in neurite outgrowth using composite
or biocompatibility of graphene is highly influenced by materials, resulting in a neurite length increase from 70
its functionalization. To reduce oxidation, poly(ethylene to 110 μm compared to PLCL. Neuronal cells cultured
glycol) (PEG) can be used to functionalize graphene. on PLCL/Lam/BP nanofiber matrices had approximately
According to immunohistological and hematological 2.0 and 1.7 times higher mRNA expression of DCX
analysis, PEGylated graphene (20 mg/kg) did not exhibit compared to those on PLCL and PLCL/Lam matrices,
significant toxicity in mice after 90 days of treatment . respectively. The study suggests that the hydrophobic
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Liu et al. developed functionalized GO acrylate and carbon characteristic of the composite material contributes to
nanotube (CNT) PEG acrylate by incorporating cross- morphological changes and increased expression of
linkable bonds to GO and CNT, respectively . These were specific structural proteins. By combining biocompatible
[78]
then covalently embedded within an oligo(poly(ethylene polymers with 2D nanomaterials to create a material with
glycol) fumarate) (OPF) hydrogel and incorporated with unique properties while preserving the intrinsic features
positive charges to create a composite hydrogel with both of each material, the novel PLCL/Lam/BP nanocomposite
surface charge and electrical conductivity. The composite has the potential to stimulate neural regeneration.

Volume 2 Issue 2 (2023) 6 https://doi.org/10.36922/msam.0620