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Materials Science in Additive Manufacturing Gradient porous material design criteria

Table 5. Experimental and calculated energy absorption of Gyroid‑sheet and Diamond‑sheet gradient porosity materials with the
design of 70 – 80 – 90% (2/2/2) and 60 – 70 – 80% (3/2/1)
Sample Experimental W (MJ/m ) Calculated W (MJ/m ) Difference (%)
3
3
g g
70 – 80 – 90% (2/2/2)
Schon-Gyroid-sheet gradient porosity materials 58.04±0.27 56.77±0.93 1 – 2
Schwarz-Diamond-sheet gradient porosity materials 62.32±1.32 61.34±0.42 1 – 2
60 – 70 – 80% (3/2/1)
Schon-Gyroid-sheet gradient porosity materials 86.72±1.96 85.57±0.68 1 – 2
Schwarz-Diamond-sheet gradient porosity materials 88.42±1.24 87.82±1.06 1 – 2
Abbreviation: W : The energy absorption of the gradient materials.
g
4. Conclusion Funding

The design criteria for gradient porosity materials with This work was financially supported by National Science
deformation-induced densification phenomenon were and Technology Council of Taiwan, under project No.
explored in this study. At the same time, the empirical NSTC 112-2221-E-110-019.
rule for predicting energy absorption in gradient porosity
materials was also established. According to the results and Conflicts of interest
discussion, the following conclusions are drawn: The authors declare they have no competing interests.
(1) The deformation-induced densification phenomenon
can be influenced by the material’s nature, lattice Author contributions
structure design, porosity, and sample design.
(2) Deformation-induced densification can be artificially Conceptualization: Yi Chao and Che-Nan Kuo
Formal analysis: Yi Chao
triggered by adhering to the following design criteria: Investigation: Yi Chao
(i) the aspect ratio of the layers should be <1, and (ii) Methodology: Yi Chao and Che-Nan Kuo
the yield stress of the lower porosity layer should be Writing–original draft: Yi Chao
9.8% higher than the maximum stress of the higher- Writing–review and editing: Che-Nan Kuo
porosity layer.
(3) The terms and coefficient C in the empirical rule can Ethics approval and consent to participate
be easily obtained through simple experiments. After
that, the energy absorption of the gradient porosity Not applicable.
materials with different designs can be predicted, and Consent for publication
the difference between calculated and experimental
energy absorption is only 1 – 2%. Not applicable.
(4) Many different elements will affect the properties
of the gradient porosity materials. Among these, Availability of data
the porosity, aspect ratio, and yield stress are more The authors confirm that the data supporting the findings
accessible to design as changeable values. Other of this study are available within the article.
factors, such as the material’s nature, surface issues,
and unit cell design, can be corrected by the C value. References
However, for porous materials composed of multiple 1. Lou CW, Huang SY, Huang CH, et al. Effects of structure
unit cells or multiple materials, it may not be possible design on resilience and acoustic absorption properties of
to introduce this empirical rule because the coefficient porous flexible-foam based perforated composites. Fibers
C is difficult to obtain. Polym. 2015;16:2652-2662.

Acknowledgments doi: 10.1007/s12221-015-5164-6
2. Du Plessis P, Montillet A, Comiti J, Legrand J. Pressure drop
The authors gratefully acknowledge the sponsorship prediction for flow through high porosity metallic foams.
support from National Science and Technology Council Chem Eng Sci. 1994;49(21):3545-3553.
of Taiwan, under project No. NSTC 112-2221-E-110-019.
Meanwhile, the authors are grateful for the support of doi: 10.1016/0009-2509(94)00170-7
powder material from Chung Yo Materials Co., Ltd. 3. Berman B. 3-D printing: The new industrial revolution. Bus

Volume 3 Issue 3 (2024) 14 doi: 10.36922/msam.4234