Page 37 - MSAM-4-2

Materials Science in Additive Manufacturing Measuring the porosity of AM components

Table 7. Average measurement results for part density and porosity of the individual density measurement methods and
component geometries
Method State Geometry Cut (to build Gas pycnometry Archimedes method Micrograph analysis
direction) Density Porosity Density Porosity (%) Density Porosity (%)
(g/cm3) (%) (g/cm3) (g/cm3)
FDM Green Cuboid ∥ 4.9867 0.0849 4.5766 8.4687 4.8743 2.5148
⊥ 4.7908 4.1844
Cylinder ∥ 4.9767 0.4653 4.5811 8.3780 4.8958 2.0842
⊥ 4.8118 3.7644
Femoral head ∥ 5.0078 -0.1560 4.5870 8.2593 4.8264 3.4726

⊥ 4.8244 3.5130
Sintered Cuboid ∥ 7.8000 2.5000 7.8131 2.3367 7.8485 1.8938
⊥ 7.9578 0.5270
Cylinder ∥ 7.7975 2.5308 7.6730 4.0871 7.8211 2.2364
⊥ 7.8260 2.1752
Femoral head ∥ 7.8110 2.3629 7.7545 3.0683 7.8968 1.2904
⊥ 7.9118 1.1024
SLS As-built Cuboid ∥ 1.0475 1.6432 0.9431 11.4491 1.0527 1.1514

⊥ 1.0334 2.9630
Cylinder ∥ 1.0454 1.8435 0.9431 11.4460 1.0547 0.9706
⊥ 1.0505 1.3650
Femoral head ∥ 1.0459 1.7934 0.9483 9.5117 1.0005 6.0590

⊥ 1.0287 3.4106
EBM As-built Cuboid ∥ 4.4249 0.1827 4.4221 0.2451 4.4279 0.1152
⊥ 4.4280 0.1136
Cylinder ∥ 4.4242 0.1985 4.4197 0.2993 4.4289 0.0812
⊥ 4.4259 0.1580
Femoral head ∥ 4.4222 0.2436 4.4103 0.5128 4.4262 0.1536

⊥ 4.4284 0.1040
LCM Green Cuboid ∥ 3.7035 0.5505 3.5748 4.0064 3.7240 0.0000
⊥ 3.7240 0.0000
Cylinder ∥ 3.7155 0.2282 3.5975 3.3969 3.7240 0.0002
⊥ 3.7240 0.0000
Femoral head ∥ 3.6018 3.2823 3.5358 5.0546 3.7240 0.0000
⊥ 3.7240 0.0002
Sintered Cuboid ∥ 6.1285 -0.6658 6.0246 1.0414 5.9852 1.6878

⊥ 6.0655 0.3700
Cylinder ∥ 6.0611 0.4419 6.0243 1.0469 6.0799 0.1328
⊥ 6.0723 0.2572
Femoral head ∥ 6.1923 -1.7138 6.0439 0.7244 6.0636 0.4006

⊥ 6.0370 0.8374
Note: Each value is based on three, or in the case of micrograph analyses on five, individual measurements of the respective examined component. The
only exception is the density value of the SLS-manufactured femoral head calculated from two measured values, as an obvious outlier value could not
be considered. Negative porosities are calculated values and result from the fact that the measured density values are higher in individual cases than the
reference values taken from the literature. Statistical analyses of the measured values can be found in Section 4.2, Figure 8.
Abbreviations: EBM: Electron beam melting; FDM: Fused deposition modeling; LCM: Lithography-based ceramic manufacturing; SLS: Selective laser sintering.

Volume 4 Issue 2 (2025) 11 doi: 10.36922/MSAM025090010