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Figure 4. Non-invasive removal of DNA microbeads and local release of Wnt-surrogate in a gradient. Confocal images show the breakdown of
PC-modified microbeads upon 405 nm laser illumination, with fluorescence quantification for both PC-modified and non-PC-modified beads. Time-
lapse imaging demonstrates the release of Cy3-Y-motif and Wnt-AF647 from microbeads in live small ROs, revealing radial diffusion and gradient
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formation. Copyright © 2024 The author(s).
Abbreviations: PC: Photocleavable; ROs: Retinal organoids; UV: Ultraviolet.
functional, specialized cells into 3D organoid models, modulating neurotransmission, and actively participating
researchers can create more accurate representations in the repair and protection of neural tissue following
of human tissues and organs, allowing for a deeper injury. However, existing human brain organoid
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understanding of how diseases develop at a cellular and models often lack or inadequately represent astrocytes,
molecular level. 2 limiting their utility in studying neurological diseases,
Glial cells, particularly astrocytes, are the most particularly those involving neuroinflammation associated
abundant cell type in the brain and are responsible for with aging and neurodegenerative disorders such as
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maintaining neuronal health by providing structural and Alzheimer’s disease. To address this gap, Wang et al.
metabolic support, regulating blood flow in the brain, developed a human brain organoid model enriched with

Volume 1 Issue 2 (2025) 7 doi: 10.36922/OR025040005