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Nabi, et al.

of cereal crops. The combination of smart technology practices has not been adequately explored in relation to
with sustainable farming methods has garnered much precision agriculture technologies and the rates of their
attention from academics and policymakers because it adoption by farmers. This gap underscores the need for
might solve the pressing problems in rural development. further regional studies on environmental conditions,
In a study conducted by Mutengwa et al., it was found agricultural economic outcomes, and technological
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that the use of IoT sensors and precision agriculture adoption.
methods contributed to tremendous improvements
in crop yield, resource efficiency, and overall farm 2.2. Contribution of the study
management. These innovations may raise the living The current study aims to explore the link
standards of rural residents and revolutionize traditional between digital agriculture, precision farming, and
agricultural practices. environmental emissions, particularly CH and N O, in
2
4
Precision agriculture increasingly uses explainable Pakistan’s crop production, as part of the agricultural
artificial intelligence to increase agronomic decision- sustainability research. Most research has focused on
making accuracy and interpretability. Recently, this agricultural productivity or environmental challenges,
integration has grown in popularity. For instance, but few have examined how to increase food crop
Abekoon et al. trained machine learning models yields while limiting environmental impact. 43,44 This
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using the SHAP and LIME techniques to estimate soil study examines how data analytics and smart farming
nutrient contents such as sodium, phosphorus, and technologies affect agricultural returns, environmental
potassium during cabbage production, contributing externalities, and crop harvesting time. Although
substantially to this area of research. According to their economically desirable, value-added agriculture may
study, explainable models correctly forecast essential reduce output over time due to high input intensity and
soil traits and give meaningful information about how resource depletion. The research also proposes a policy-
each input feature contributes. This finding is crucial relevant paradigm that balances productivity gains
to Pakistan since site-specific nutrition management is with environmental trade-offs for scalable, sustainable
still problematic. Farmers may use interpretable models agriculture in developing nations. This broad vision,
to target fertilization to understand how inputs, soil unique to Pakistani agriculture, may develop theoretical
type, and weather impact nutrient variability. SHAP- or and practical aspects of sustainable farming in the face
LIME-based frameworks may accelerate data-driven of climate change.
nutrient management system adoption in Pakistan’s The study improves this unique feature in three
digital agriculture industry, helping to increase yields ways. First, it investigates how modern agricultural
and minimize environmental impact. technology affects food crop yields in underdeveloped
nations, which has been understudied. Technology,
2.1. Research gaps precision farming, and data analytics are examples of
Despite the rapid uptake of smart technology in modern agricultural innovations. Second, it integrates
agriculture, several research gaps persist. Existing ecological responsibility and productivity by assessing
literature indicates that IoT sensors and precision CH and N O emissions as key trade-off elements. Third,
2
4
agriculture enhance agricultural yields and resource the study employs ARDL bounds testing to distinguish
efficiency. 30,37 However, few studies have explored the short- and long-term dynamics. This enables a more
impact of these technologies on cereal crop output in detailed evaluation of technology performance over
underdeveloped countries like Pakistan. 38,39 In addition, time. This research can help policymakers, technology
researchers based in the industrialized regions that developers, and agricultural stakeholders in Pakistan and
benefit profoundly from better agricultural infrastructure other countries understand that value-added agricultural
and financial support tend to neglect the challenges practices can accidentally reduce yields due to resource
faced by resource-constrained farmers. While smart overuse. However, digital tools and precision farming
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agriculture’s socioeconomic implications have been can boost productivity at lower environmental costs.
studied, its immediate and long-term effects on AGRI
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remain unclear. Imran et al. found that government 3. Data and methodology
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subsidies and trade policies directly influence AGRI, yet
little is known about how environmental factors, such as Pakistan’s cereal crop examines productivity,
severe weather, affect CCYs. The bidirectional causality technology, environment, and climate resilience.
between environmental elements and agricultural Table 1 shows the variables and their measurements.

Volume 22 Issue 3 (2025) 108 doi: 10.36922/AJWEP025130096