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Explora: Environment
and Resource Comparative analysis of THMs and THAAs in water distribution media

Figure 5. Chromatogram of the high-density polyethylene pipe water sample treated with a 2.4 mg/L chlorine dosage

A B

Figure 6. Concentration of chlorination byproducts in water samples passed through two pipe materials under varying chlorine dosages: (A) Galvanized
iron; (B) High-density polyethylene
Abbreviations: THAA: Trihaloacetic acid; THM: Trihalomethane.

and THAAs to 59.5–123 µg/L and 35.1–51.6 µg/L, 3.2. Filtration media
respectively. These values are significantly lower than the In a study by Yu et al., prominent DBPs were partially
40
concentrations found in this study, where 0.212 mg/L of removed through the use of cost-effective sand filtration
THAAs and 0.199 mg/L of THMs were detected in GI media and a GAC filter. A composite filtration setup was
pipes and 0.2 mg/L of THAAs and 0.167 mg/L of THMs developed, consisting of a top sand layer, a GAC layer
in HDPE pipes. beneath it, and a bottom layer of fine sand mixed with
In addition, mean concentrations of THMs vary angular gravel. The gravel size ranged from 2 to 4 mm,
significantly across countries. For instance, in Nigeria, the designed to assess water quality as it passed through the
mean concentrations of THMs range from 0 to 1000 mg/L, medium.
with treated water samples containing 0 to 95 mg/L. In the To evaluate the effectiveness of the filtration media in
18
US, up to 18 mg/L of DBPs have been detected in finished removing chlorine DBPs, two separate filtration setups
water and up to 22 mg/L of DBPs in distribution systems. were investigated: the first setup consisting of sand media,
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In China, the average concentrations of THMs and HAAs and the second setup using GAC—recognized as one of
throughout the treatment period were 19.9 mg/L and the most versatile and widely used adsorbents for water
3.4 mg/L, respectively. 20 purification. 41

Volume 2 Issue 3 (2025) 8 doi: 10.36922/EER025240047