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Engineering Science in
Additive Manufacturing ML in MAM monitoring and control through images

A

B

Figure 6. Schematic diagram of acoustic sensing in metal additive manufacturing: (A) Laser powder bed fusion.44 Reproduced with permission from
Elsevier. Copyright © 2024 The Author(s); (B) direct energy deposition.45 Reproduced with permission from Elsevier. Copyright © 2024 The Authors.
Both are distributed under a CC-BY 4.0 license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

the fundamental physical mechanisms during MAM. optimizing imaging parameters, interpreting acoustic
The experimental setup and procedure for acoustic- signals, and ensuring image reliability may present
based in situ monitoring of MAM offer a distinctive and challenges.
non-invasive approach to visualize material internal
structures. While the technical demands of acoustic 2.4. Spectral imaging
imaging are specialized, the setup is generally less intricate Optical emission spectroscopy (OES) is a valuable
compared to methodologies like X-ray imaging. Acoustic instrument to analyze material composition in MAM as
imaging equipment is commercially available and can be it leverages the distinct spectral lines that metal elements
established in a laboratory setting with suitable training in excited states emit. OES is frequently utilized to track
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and expertise. Reproducibility hinges on factors such as process conditions and comprehend physical mechanisms in
transducer calibration, consistent sample positioning, and MAM because of its high analytical speed and sensitivity. To
the accuracy of image processing techniques. In addition, implement this technique, a spectrometer or hyperspectral

Volume 1 Issue 1 (2025) 8 doi: 10.36922/esam.8548