Page 109 - ESAM-1-2

Engineering Science in
Additive Manufacturing HIP temperature effects on LPBF Hastelloy X

(A ) (A ) (A ) (A )
1 2 3 1

(B
(B ) (B ) (B ) 4
1 2 3

(C )
(C ) (C ) (C ) 4
1 2 3

Figure 5. Carbide morphology and the corresponding diagrams of carbide size distribution. Results of (A -A ) HIP1100, (B -B ) HIP1180, and
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(C -C ) HIP1210 specimens. Scale bars: (A -C ) 20 μm; (A -C ) 10 μm; (A -C ) 1 μm, magnifications: (A -C ) ×2,000; (A -C ) ×5,000; (A -C ) ×30,000.
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3
2
1
2
2
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2
3
3
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1
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Abbreviation: HIP: Hot isostatic pressing.
A B C
D

Figure 6. Transmission electron microscopic morphology of carbides in the HIP1180 specimen. (A and B) carbide morphology and local magnified
region, (C) selected area electron diffraction, and (D) energy dispersive spectroscopy mapping profile of carbides. Scale bars: (A) 500 nm; (B) 100 nm;
(C) 5 nm; (D) 200 nm, magnifications: (A) ×60,000; (B) ×300,000; (C) ×300,000; (D) ×150,000.
Abbreviations: C: Carbon; Cr: Chromium; Mo: Molybdenum; Ni: Nickel; HIP: Hot isostatic pressing.
the carbides consisting of M C and M C was observed 3.2. Mechanical properties at room temperature
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along the grain boundaries, as depicted in Figure 6D. A comparison of the hardness of the as-built, HIP1100,
This distribution pattern is attributed to the simultaneous HIP1180, and HIP1210 specimens is shown in Figure 7A.
precipitation of both carbide types in various areas, followed The as-built specimen exhibited the highest hardness
by preferential growth along grain boundaries. with a value of 268 HV, while the HIP1100, HIP1180,

Volume 1 Issue 2 (2025) 7 doi: 10.36922/ESAM025240015