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Engineering Science in
Additive Manufacturing EST manipulates structure of Ti-6Al-4V/Cu

A B C

F
D E

G H I

J K L

Figure 6. Grain orientation of the samples before and after EST: (A) EST-0; (D) EST-1; (G) EST-2; (J) EST-3. Distribution of Ti-6Al-4V/Cu-Cr-Zr grain
boundaries before and after EST: (B) EST-0; (E) EST-1; (H) EST-2; (K) EST-3. MBZ β grain size before and after EST: (C) EST-0; (F) EST-1; (I) EST-2; (L)
EST-3.
Abbreviations: EST: Electroshock treatment; HAGB: High-angle grain boundary; LAGB: Low-angle grain boundary; MBZ: Metallurgical bonding zone.

phase transformation is constrained only by the initial β During recrystallization, LAGB undergoes entanglement,
phase grain boundaries and exhibits larger dimensions. slip, and climb mechanisms, increasing lattice distortion
and dislocation density within the MBZ.
Figures 6E, 6H, 6K and 7B display the kernel average
misorientation (KAM) maps of Ti-6Al-4V/Cu-Cr-Zr. The rapid temperature increases and cooling rate under
The average KAM value of the EST-0 sample was EST promotes the α+β phase transition. When the β phase
0.66°. Following EST, the average KAM values of all transforms into α phase, there is a clear Burgers orientation
samples increased, with EST-1 exhibiting the greatest relationship. This relationship determines the cubic β phase
improvement, which achieved an average KAM value and hexagonal α/α’ phase transformations as follows: {110}
40
of 1.37°. Following EST, the average KAM value of the β//{0001}α/α’, <111>β//<11-20>α/α’. The orientation
Ti-6Al-4V/Cu-Cr-Zr material increased significantly, with distribution is shown in Figure 8. The EST-0 specimen
its dislocation density rising by at least 7.58% compared contains {-23-11} and {-3121} textures, with {-23-11}
to the untreated specimens. Under the thermal effects of being the dominant texture exhibiting a maximum texture
EST, significant intergranular interactions occur, pinning strength of 7.47, as depicted in Figure 8A. Following
and entangling dislocations to promote recrystallization. EST, the texture and intensity underwent changes. After

Volume 1 Issue 4 (2025) 9 doi: 10.36922/ESAM025430030