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Engineering Science in
Additive Manufacturing EST manipulates structure of Ti-6Al-4V/Cu

C
A B

F
D E

I
G H

J K L

Figure 7. MBZ phase distribution: (A) EST-0; (D) EST-1; (G) EST-2; (J) EST-3. KAM distribution maps of Ti-6Al-4V/Cu-Cr-Zr before and after EST:
(B) EST-0; (E) EST-1; (H) EST-2; (K) EST-3. Distribution of KAM value: (C) EST-0; (F) EST-1; (I) EST-2; (L) EST-3.
Abbreviations: EST: Electroshock treatment; KAM: Kernel average misorientation; MBZ: Metallurgical bonding zone.
processing at a current density of 205 A/mm (EST-1), in {111} direction with uniform texture distribution. After
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the texture comprised {-2113} and {3-301} textures, with EST, the maximum texture strength was detected along
{-2113} being dominant and exhibiting a maximum {110} direction, but the texture strength was increased
texture intensity of 9.99, as shown in Figure 8B. When the and the maximum texture strength was 3.47. Similar
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current density increased to 262 A/mm (EST-2), as shown results were achieved in EST-2, where EST increased
in Figure 8C, the texture contained {0001}, {-2113}, and the stress concentration and texture strength. Increasing
{2-1-11} orientations, with a maximum texture strength the current density increased the texture strength of the
of 10.03. With further current density increase, Figure 8D β phase in EST-3 and strengthened the texture strength
shows grains containing {0-1-13}, {-1102}, and {3-2-10} in the {111} direction without significant orientation
orientations, where {3-2-10} exhibits the highest orientation concentration, with a value of 4.22. Overall, after EST,
strength with a maximum value of 9.87. EST accelerates the the texture orientation of α and β phases becomes more
recrystallization and grain growth processes of specific- concentrated.
orientation grains by providing extremely high energy
density and non-thermal effects, thereby strengthening the 3.3. Mechanical properties
preferred orientation of the original texture. The mechanical properties of Ti-6Al-4V/Cu-Cr-Zr
About the β phase (Figure 8E-H), the maximum composite materials were investigated under varying
texture strength of untreated Ti-6Al-4V/Cu-Cr-Zr is 2.99 EST current densities, along with hardness and shear

Volume 1 Issue 4 (2025) 10 doi: 10.36922/ESAM025430030