Page 65 - GTM-1-2

Global Translational Medicine

REVIEW ARTICLE
Genetic and non-genetic risk factors of

idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis: A review

1
1
2,3
Shamil R. Zulkarneev , Rustem H. Zulkarneev *, Gulnaz Faritovna Korytina ,
4
Irshat A. Gibadullin , Arthur M. Avzaletdinov , Zhihui Niu , Jiayu Guo ,
5
5
4
Yulia Genadievna Aznabaeva , Guzel M. Nurtdinova , and
1
1
Naufal Shamilevich Zagidullin 1
1 Department of Internal Diseases, Bashkir State Medical University, Ufa, 450008, Russian Federation
2 Institute of Biochemistry and Genetics - Subdivision of the Ufa Federal Research Centre of the
Russian Academy of Sciences, IBG UFRC RAS, Laboratory of Physiological Genetics, Ufa, 450054,
Russian Federation
3 Department of Biology, Bashkir State Medical University, Ufa, 450008, Russian Federation
4 Department of Hospital Surgery, Bashkir State Medical University, Republic of Bashkortostan, Ufa,
450008, Russian Federation
5 Department of Pharmacology (State-Province Key Laboratories of Biomedicine-Pharmaceutics of
China, Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Research, Ministry of Education), College of Pharmacy,
Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150081, China

Abstract
Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is the most common form of fibrosis of internal
organs. The etiology and pathogenesis of IPF are still not well understood. However,
a growing line of evidence shows that both genetic and non-genetic factors
contribute to IPF development. The release of pro-inflammatory cytokines activates
*Corresponding author: the immune cells. The enhanced synthesis of interleukins and cytokines, especially
Rustem H. Zulkarneev transforming growth factor β1 leads to the proliferation of fibroblasts, increased
(zurustem@mail.ru)
extracellular matrix formation, and epithelial-mesenchymal transformation of the
Citation: Zulkarneev SR, lung tissue. These pathological changes could lead to fibrosis. Polymorphisms of
Zulkarneev RH, Korytina GF,
et al., 2022, Genetic and genes responsible for the function of mucociliary clearance (MUC5B), telomerases
non-genetic risk factors of idiopathic (TERT, TERC), as well as signaling pathway related-genes such as Sonic hedgehog,
pulmonary fibrosis: A review. Global Wnt, and some other genes are also risk factors for IPF development. Epigenetic
Transl Med, 1(2): 107.
https://doi.org/10.36922/gtm.v1i2.107 regulatory mechanisms, such as methylation and acetylation of DNA and histones,
may also influence the development and progression of this disease. At present,
Received: May 22, 2022
Accepted: September 2, 2022 the role of non-coding RNAs, in particular long non-coding RNAs (lncRNA) in the
Published Online: September 26, development of fibrotic processes, is actively studied. LncRNA is an RNA that is
2022 longer than 200 base pairs and does not code for any proteins. LncRNAs perform
Copyright: © 2022 Author(s). various functions in the cell, from nuclear compartmentation to epigenetic
This is an Open Access article regulation of gene expression and post-translational modification of proteins. In
distributed under the terms of the this review, we present the important aspects in the pathogenesis of IPF.
Creative Commons Attribution
License, permitting distribution,
and reproduction in any medium,
provided the original work is Keywords: Long non-coding RNAs; Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis, COVID-19-induced
properly cited. pulmonary fibrosis
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Volume 1 Issue 2 (2022) 1 https://doi.org/10.36922/gtm.v1i2.107