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Global Translational Medicine Precision medicine via personalized nutrition

chronic illnesses, the genetic variants identified explain
only a small portion of disease variability. These genetic
variants typically have a small effect, contributing to
disease treatment models via polygenic risk scores
(PGS), also known as polygenic risk indicators. PGS are
quantitative factors that capture the cumulative influence
of several common genetic variants on a specific condition
or illness. Calculated as the sum of the risk alleles in an
individual, PGS are weighted according to the effect sizes
of these alleles, as estimated by independent phenotype-
training GWAS. Thus, PGS assesses a person’s genetic
predisposition to a trait or disease, based on their genotype
profile and using independent GWAS information as a
learning model. 15,23
There is a strong rationale for integrating PGS with
other risk algorithms incorporating environmental
components to forecast the risk of chronic diseases
in routine clinical practice. For example, CVD has a
Figure 4. PPM represents an ambitious challenge for medicine and
health-care services, aiming to ensure targeted care pathways through substantial dataset with the potential for cost-effective
more personalized approaches from the outset. PPM has emerged as a application of PGS. 15,23 However, current dietary guidelines
prominent topic across various research fields and is likely to play a crucial for CVD remain a topic of debate. A pooled analysis
role in the future. The growing interest in this area can be attributed to involving 172,891 participants revealed 9,453 cases of
the advancements in systems biology and high-throughput technologies.
Notably, the expanding knowledge and improved interpretation of genetic coronary heart disease (CHD) and 8,182 cases of stroke.
data will deepen our understanding of physiological processes in health In addition, an updated meta-analysis drew evidence
and disease, paving the way for more precise diagnoses and personalized from 49 previous non-overlapping studies, which showed
treatment. This approach can also help reduce the burden of disease by varying associations for different types of saturated fatty
enhancing prevention and treatment strategies through the integration acids (SFAs). Even-chain SFAs were positively associated
of multiple data sources. Furthermore, PPM seeks to lower health-care
costs and minimize adverse events by optimizing the selection of the right with CVD risk, whereas odd-chain and longer-chain SFAs
therapy at the right time for each patient. Successfully implementing PPM had a negative association. Overall, higher total levels of
into clinical practice requires a comprehensive, multi-level approach n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) were linked to a
to patient care. At the molecular level, the multiomics approach— lower risk of CHD, whereas higher total n-6 PUFAs were
including transcriptomics, metabolomics, genomics, proteomics, and
epigenomics—offers a deeper understanding of patient conditions, from associated with a reduced risk of stroke. When examining
the underlying causes of diseases to their functional consequences. This individual PUFAs, linoleic acid—the predominant
information should be integrated with the study of the “exposome,” n-6 PUFA—along with docosahexaenoic acid and n-3
which encompasses the totality of an individual’s lifetime exposures and docosapentaenoic acid, was negatively associated with
their impact on health. By combining these insights with clinical patient the risks of CHD and stroke. In contrast, dihomo-γ-
data, physicians can develop personalized therapies tailored to each
individual. 14,15 linolenic acid was positively associated with both diseases.
Abbreviation: PPM: Personalized and precision medicine. Interestingly, α-linolenic acid, an n-3 PUFA mainly found
in plant sources, did not show a relationship with lower
as AI and machine learning (ML) is vital for consolidating risks of CHD or stroke. Furthermore, arachidonic acid,
diverse data, analyzing multiple variables, building clinical a key metabolite of linoleic acid, was not linked to an
biomarker databases to aid decision-making, and creating increased risk of either condition. 24
ethical protocols to address these challenges. 21,22 Although 30–50% of common cancers are attributable
In recent decades, genome-wide association studies to lifestyle and environmental factors, cancer remains
(GWAS) have been employed to identify the genetic a considerable global health burden, with 20 million
foundations of chronic diseases, uncovering the impact new cases in 2022. Prevention is the most effective and
of various common genetic variants on disease risk. These economical strategy for cancer control, underscoring the
disorders include—but are not limited to—cardiovascular need for tools that support public adherence to preventive
disease (CVD), cancer, metabolic, neurodegenerative, guidelines. Adherence to the World Cancer Research
and neuropsychiatric ailments. Nonetheless, despite Fund and the American Institute for Cancer Research’s
the significant hereditary component observed in these Cancer Prevention Recommendations is associated with

Volume 4 Issue 3 (2025) 63 doi: 10.36922/GTM025080017