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Global Translational Medicine Precision medicine via personalized nutrition

emerging applications in conjunction with nutrigenomics,
proteomics, and metabolomics.
Today, genomics-driven PN accounts for almost all
relevant environmental influences throughout life on
human health conditions. The latest advancements show
that genetic variation affects connections between nutrients
and the genome, which may alter disease risk. While there
are food products that cater to the needs or preferences of
specific consumer groups, these choices are mainly driven by
empirical consumer science rather than by nutrigenomics and
nutritional approaches. This understanding helps elucidate
human variability in dietary preferences, requirements,
and responses, paving the way for future scientific tools for
consumption assessment, guided by PN-based advice for
health maintenance and disease prevention. 33

2.2. Proteomics
As mentioned previously, systems biology integrates
multidisciplinary scientific approaches to predict and
Figure 8. The evolution of personalized nutrition. Several omics factors describe the dynamic properties of living biosystems,
can influence an individual’s response to diet and its impact on health. The which are understood as complex signaling networks.
emergence of new nutritional biomarkers, which integrate information In the realm of nutritional sciences, systems analysis of
on intake and its effects on the organism, has generated interest, especially both standard and nutrient-modified signaling networks,
regarding their relationship with health and disease. Omics technologies along with an understanding of underlying genetic
play a crucial role in exploring these connections. At its core, personalized
and precision medicine represents the intersection of individuals, their polymorphisms, is expected to pave the way for a future
environment, and the evolving markers of health and disease, along where individual health is enhanced through predictive
with the social and behavioral factors that shape outcomes over time. and preventive nutrition. 34
This includes (i) people: Patients, individuals at risk, and populations
served; (ii) markers: Indicators of health and illness, encompassing The advancement of omics technologies has provided
genetics, genomics, metabolomics, phenomics, pharmacogenomics, and effective methods for a thorough and targeted study of
other omics platforms; (iii) exposome: Environmental exposures and biological systems, leading to more precise diagnostic tools
influences, both internal (e.g., microbiome and gut–brain interactions) and the development of targeted treatments. Advances
and external (e.g., socioeconomic factors, food quality, agriculture, in proteomics technology allow for the simultaneous
and geographical influences); and (iv) behavioral health: Factors such
as exercise, self-care, addiction, anxiety, and lifestyle choices that identification and quantification of the expression profiles
impact individuals and populations. Together, these elements form the of thousands of proteins. Proteomic analysis has emerged as
foundation for understanding health and disease through a personalized, a powerful technique for describing the patients’ molecular
multidimensional approach. 31 profiles, allowing analysis of tissue and bodily fluids.

Proteomics plays a critical role in discovering
solutions that deliver meaningful health benefits to a large novel biomarkers for disease diagnosis, prognosis, and
population. 32
therapeutic strategies. Identifying and quantifying proteins
It is essential to consider both ends of the spectrum— provides crucial data about disease conditions and how
nutrigenomics and deep phenotyping—while accounting they respond to treatment. More broadly, proteomics
for multiple factors when designing personalized and can uncover the molecular mechanisms critical for an
unbiased nutritional solutions for individuals or specific organism’s adaptation to its ecological niche. In this
35
population subgroups. In addition, a collaborative effort context, proteomics involves the large-scale study of
between basic scientists, clinical researchers, and health- proteins, focusing on their structures, functions, and roles
care professionals is essential to create a comprehensive in living organisms. As such, proteomics is increasingly
foundation that enables the successful implementation used to explore both health and disease, as well as to
of these novel insights at the population level. This address issues related to food quality, safety, bioactivity,
study explores the latest advancements in analyzing and and to develop healthier food products.
monitoring dietary habits, food behaviors, and deep The goal of clinical proteomics is to identify and
phenotyping. In addition, we highlight the relevance of quantify proteins in clinical samples such as blood, urine,

Volume 4 Issue 3 (2025) 66 doi: 10.36922/GTM025080017