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Global Translational Medicine Precision medicine via personalized nutrition

metabolic state, nutrient deficiencies, disease risk, and These areas primarily focus on understanding how
optimal dietary needs. As technology continues to advance, dietary compounds and their metabolites affect the
proteomics analysis will become increasingly feasible and host over time after consumption. They also aim to find
affordable, paving the way for PN to become a standard biomarkers related to diet and determine how the dose of
approach to health care. Proteins and metabolites linked to phytochemicals influences the connection between diet
dietary patterns may serve as prognostic markers, guiding and health. Furthermore, metabolites serve as crucial
future clinical interventions and aiding in the identification biological communication channels, offering a valuable
of intermediate phenotypes while also shedding light on functional readout at the intersection of various influential
the molecular mechanisms underlying diet-related disease. factors that shape health and disease (Figure 11).
However, there is limited data on the proteomic and In the field of food science and nutrition research, there
metabolomic signatures of healthy dietary patterns. is an increasing emphasis on quantitative metabolomics.
2.3. Metabolomics Targeted quantitative metabolomics is extensively applied in
food composition analysis, body fat index characterization,
Individuals have varying needs for and responses to detection and monitoring of nutrient deficiencies and
nutrients and bioactive molecules in their diet. At the metabolic disorders, dietary intake assessment, and the
same time, biological systems are highly complex, with formulation of dietary guidelines for the prevention and
essential processes occurring at multiple molecular levels, treatment of chronic diseases. 28,57 The application of PN
including nucleic acids, proteins, and small molecules. and PF in metabolomics can generate valuable data for
In this context, metabolic heterogeneity is influenced optimizing nutritional regimens, supporting optimal child
by numerous factors, such as genetic and epigenetic growth, and enhancing the composition of commercial
variations, the microbiome, lifestyle, dietary intake, and products. These are just a few areas where metabolomics
environmental exposures. 3,51-54 is making an impact, contributing to the advancement
Metabolomics is the scientific study of chemical of personalized and precise health care. With current
processes involving metabolites—small-molecule substrates, knowledge, metabolomics can be integrated into routine
intermediates, and end products of cell metabolism found in clinical practice. Sensitive metabolomic biomarkers may
tissues, cells, or biofluids. Unlike genomics, transcriptomics, be detected using cost-effective and accurate test strips,
or proteomics, which typically rely on a single instrument
for measurements, metabolomics necessitates a diverse set
of analytical tools.
Targeted metabolomics enables the identification of specific
metabolites through comparison with established chemical
parameters, facilitating the development of biomarkers and
the testing of hypotheses. However, untargeted metabolomics
focuses not on the characterization and quantification of
compounds but rather on the identification and discovery-
based research. It can identify and quantify bioactive
compounds, but has both advantages and disadvantages.
Nutritional metabolomics is a powerful and precise
approach for identifying and characterizing biochemical
pathways. It provides deep insights into the complex
interplay between dietary exposure and chronic diseases,
shedding light on metabolic phenotypic changes and Figure 11. Metabolomics (food metabolome) via the phenotype of
their underlying mechanisms. This method has four main individuals and food. The food metabolome provides valuable insights
applications in nutritional research: into the relationships between metabolites, health, and nutritional status.
It is a subset of the human metabolome, originating from the digestion
(i) Identifying dietary biomarkers. and biotransformation of food and its components. While over 25,000
(ii) Characterizing diet-related diseases and disease compounds have been identified in various foods, along with their
biomarkers. metabolism by host enzymes and gut microbiota, the food metabolome
(iii) Utilizing PN to elucidate mechanisms underlying remains highly complex, with its composition varying significantly based
on dietary intake. This variability serves as a valuable and extensive
dietary interventions. data source for monitoring dietary exposure and identifying foods that
(iv) PN and PF. 54,55 influence disease risk. 54,56

Volume 4 Issue 3 (2025) 69 doi: 10.36922/GTM025080017