Page 79 - GTM-4-3

Global Translational Medicine Precision medicine via personalized nutrition

2.4. Microbiomics and PN ecosystem. Addressing these factors will open new avenues

The large-scale dynamics of the microbiome can be for designing personalized nutritional strategies, driving
78
analyzed using many of the same tools and principles the advancement of PPM-guided nutrition.
applied in population ecology. Understanding the 2.5. Interactomics
metagenome and its collective genetic information
provides valuable insights into the functional properties Proper nutrition plays a significant role in disease
of microbial communities. Both the microbiome and prevention, making nutritional interventions essential
metagenome are likely to play significant roles in health strategies within the framework of PPM. The emergence
and disease, making their study a key frontier in human of nutrigenomics and nutriproteomics stems from the
genetics. Growing evidence highlights the impact of diet integration of nutrition, genomics, and proteomics,
and other microenvironmental factors in shaping the shaping the future of PPM-driven health care. In this
composition and metabolic function of the human gut sense, interactomics—a discipline at the intersection
microbiota, which can significantly affect overall health. of bioinformatics and biology—focuses on studying
molecular interactions within a cell, particularly between
Human endomicrobiota and gut microbiota profiles proteins and other molecules, as well as their functional
are of great interest in dietetic interventions for assessing effects. The goal of interactomics is to analyze and compare
the consequences of diet on gut microbiome diversity. interaction networks (interactomes) both within and across
Molecular technologies provide valuable insights into the species, identifying patterns of stability or change in these
complexity and diversity of gut microbial communities networks. From a computational biology perspective, an
both within and across individuals. Dietary intake, interactome network is modeled as a graph or system that
especially macronutrients, plays a crucial role in shaping the maps key interactions essential for maintaining normal
composition and functions of these intricate populations. physiological functions in cells or organisms. 79-84
However, the effects of dietary fats and proteins on gut
microbiota remain poorly defined. Short- and long-term Interactomics—as a rapidly advancing field within
dietary modifications can influence microbial profiles, and systems biology—and network biology are now positioned
early-life nutrition can have lasting effects by modulating to intersect with PPM-guided personalized therapy.
the immune system through microbial interactions. The This integration combines traditional clinical records
influence of environmental factors, including lifestyle, on and non-invasive, advanced cardiac imaging tools with
the gut microbiota is still not well understood. 50,64,65 epigenetic information and deep learning techniques for
The primary goal is to customize nutritional comprehensive molecular phenotyping of CHD. This
interventions by enhancing the richness and diversity of innovative approach holds the potential to discover new
the gut microbiota. Diet plays an essential role in shaping drugs from natural compounds, such as polyphenols and
microbiota, serving both as an influencer and as a substrate. folic acid, and repurpose existing drugs such as statins
As food is processed by gut microbes, it generates small and metformin. Several clinical trials have explored the
molecules that facilitate interactions between the host use of interactomics-sensitive drugs in both primary
and microbiome. For example, microbiota-derived short- and secondary prevention. Interactomics and network
chain fatty acids are absorbed by the host, significantly medicine apply network science methodologies to study
contributing to overall nutrition. 66-71 disease pathogenesis. Various analytical techniques,
including protein–protein interaction (PPI) networks,
While long-term dietary habits influence the correlation-based networks, gene regulatory networks,
composition and activity of the trillions of microorganisms and Bayesian networks, have been employed to identify
residing in the human gut, the speed and consistency of and analyze key molecular networks involved in disease.
the gut microbiota’s response to short-term macronutrient
changes remain unclear. 72,73 Translating microbiota Proteins are crucial in most biological processes, and
research into clinical applications for nutritional their interactions are essential for regulating biological
interventions presents challenges. However, advancements functions. The development of large-scale PPI screening
in analytical and computational approaches are helping techniques, particularly high-throughput affinity capture
to bridge these gaps. Integrating microbiota studies coupled with mass spectrometry and yeast two-hybrid
with other omics technologies, such as proteomics and analysis, has generated vast amounts of PPI data and more
metabolomics, enables the development of more precise complex, comprehensive interactomes. Interactomics
85
functional profiles. 74-77 Furthermore, controlled studies and network medicine leverage these integrated
are essential to identify diet-independent environmental approaches to analyze big omics data—encompassing
factors that play a crucial role in shaping the gut microbiota genetics, epigenetics, transcriptomics, metabolomics, and

Volume 4 Issue 3 (2025) 71 doi: 10.36922/GTM025080017