Page 59 - IJAMD-1-3

International Journal of AI for
Materials and Design
Phase change materials and digital twin technology in thermal energy

Figure 2. Three distinct classifications of thermal energy storage systems

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suitable for applications in buildings, renewable energy can be increased by radiation, convection, or conduction.
systems, and industrial heat recovery. This method involves freezing or heating a solid or liquid
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Bland et al. found that the primary advantage of storage medium to store heat. The temperature of an
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PCMs in TES systems is their high energy density, which energy storage substance can be altered using the SHS
allows for substantial energy storage in a compact volume. approach, which can involve both solid and liquid storage
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Furthermore, PCMs offer an almost iso TES process, which materials. A commonly used medium for SHS is water due
is particularly beneficial for maintaining stable temperatures to its low cost. The SHS process is based on the heat capacity
in applications such as HVAC systems in buildings or solar of the storage material, which is related to the temperature
thermal power plants. The selection of efficient materials differential during the charge and discharge phases. 45
for PCM is critical to enhancing the performance of TES The sensible heat of a system can be determined by its
systems, as factors such as the material’s melting point, mass (m), specific heat (C), and temperature differential
thermal conductivity, and energy storage capacity directly (ΔT), all of which are key components of the thermodynamic
influence the system’s effectiveness. In renewable energy system affecting temperature. Mathematically, the sensible
applications, such as solar thermal plants, PCMs are vital heat (Q sensible) of a thermodynamic system is given by
in addressing the intermittent nature of energy supply, as Equation I:
noted by Masood et al. They store excess heat during peak
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production times and release it when energy generation Q sensible =mC∆T (I)
is low. The role of PCMs in enhancing the flexibility Water is the most common medium used for this type
and reliability of TES systems is crucial for advancing of heat storage and release. However, various other solid
sustainable energy solutions. TES systems can be classified materials, such as sandy soil, pebbles, rock, stone, brick,
into three categories, as discussed below. aluminum, and cast iron, can also be used for SHS.
2.1. SHS 2.2. LHS

In SHS systems, energy storage is achieved by utilizing LHS systems are based on a material’s ability to absorb or
the heat capacity that a material gains as its temperature release heat during a phase transition – such as from solid
increases. The energy storage capacity of an SHS system is to liquid, liquid to gas, or vice-versa. The appeal of this
determined by three factors: the specific heat capacity of the quasi-static process lies in the high energy density stored
material, the quantity of the material, and the temperature per unit mass. The LHS capacity of the system, when using
change gradient. The temperature of the storage material a PCM, is given by the following equation:

Volume 1 Issue 3 (2024) 53 doi: 10.36922/ijamd.4696