Page 33 - IJB-8-3

Liang, et al.
limitations, MSC-derived exosomes can be combined 3. Gourdine J, 2019, Review of Nonsurgical Treatment
with bioinks instead. In 2018, Liu et al. demonstrated Guidelines for Lower Extremity Osteoarthritis. Orthop Nurs,
that the therapeutic ability of MSC-derived exosomes 38:303–8.
specifically relied on lncRNA KLF3 Antisense RNA 1 https://doi.org/10.1097/nor.0000000000000591
(KLF3-AS1). It works by separating miRNA206 from 4. Wei W, Ma Y, Yao X, et al., 2021, Advanced Hydrogels for
its target G-protein-coupled receptor kinase interacting
protein 1 (GIT-1), which worked to inhibit chondrocytes the Repair of Cartilage Defects and Regeneration. Bioact
apoptosis and promoted chondrogenesis [106] . Thus, Mater, 6:998–1011.
developing 3D-printed hydrogel scaffolds carrying https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bioactmat.2020.09.030
exosomes from lncRNA KLF3-AS1-overexpressing 5. Glyn-Jones S, Palmer AJ, Agricola R, et al., 2015,
human MSCs can be an interesting direction for cartilage Osteoarthritis. Lancet, 386:376–87.
regeneration of osteoarthrosis patients. Moreover, single https://doi.org/10.1016/s0140-6736(14)60802-3
functional research about the regulatory role of miRNAs
is far from sufficient because miRNAs are multitargeting 6. Sacitharan PK, 2019, Ageing and Osteoarthritis. In:
and contribute to a complex regulatory network in Harris JR, Korolchuk VI, editors. Biochemistry and Cell
chondrocytes about their proliferation, migration, Biology of Ageing: Part II Clinical Science. Singapore:
autophagy and apoptosis [107] . As a result, future studies Springer. p123–59.
also need to comprehensively investigate the roles of 7. Guo T, Lembong J, Zhang LG, et al., 2017, Three-Dimensional
miRNAs and their targets in the regulation of chondrocyte Printing Articular Cartilage: Recapitulating the Complexity
fate. of Native Tissue. Tissue Eng Part B Rev, 23:225–36.
In all, 3D-bioprinting is an advancing and
efficient technology for cartilage tissue repair. With the https://doi.org/10.1089/ten.TEB.2016.0316
development of printing methods, novel bioinks and 8. Xue JX, Gong YY, Zhou GD, et al., 2012, Chondrogenic
the understanding of molecular mechanisms regulating Differentiation of Bone Marrow-derived Mesenchymal Stem
cartilage regeneration, 3D printed scaffold may become a Cells Induced by Acellular Cartilage Sheets. Biomaterials,
promising therapy for clinical use in the near future. 33:5832–40.
Acknowledgements https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biomaterials.2012.04.054
9. Zhang YS, Khademhosseini A, 2017, Advances in
This work was supported by Natural Science Foundation Engineering Hydrogels. Science, 356:eaaf3627.
of China (81902187) and the Zhejiang Medical and https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aaf3627
Health Science and Technology Project (2022493383).
10. Mei Q, Rao J, Bei HP, et al., 2021, 3D Bioprinting Photo-
Conflict of interest Crosslinkable Hydrogels for Bone and Cartilage Repair. Int J
Bioprint, 7:367.
The authors declare no conflict of interest
https://doi.org/10.18063/ijb.v7i3.367
Author contributions 11. Marques CF, Diogo GS, Pina S, et al., 2019, Collagen-
Y.M. and Q.L. conceived the idea. Q.L. drafted the based Bioinks for Hard Tissue Engineering Applications:
manuscript. Y.M. directly contribute to the manuscript by A Comprehensive Review. J Mater Sci Mater Med, 30:32.
adjusting its content and structure, as well as modifying https://doi.org/10.1007/s10856-019-6234-x
the grammar. X.Y. and W.W. further revised the paper by 12. Gillispie GJ, Han A, Uzun-Per M, et al., 2020, The Influence
giving advice on its structure, content, figures and tables. of Printing Parameters and Cell Density on Bioink Printing

Reference Outcomes. Tissue Eng Part A, 26:1349–58.
https://doi.org/10.1089/ten.TEA.2020.0210
1. Messina OD, Wilman MV, Neira LF, 2019, Nutrition, 13. Diamantides N, Dugopolski C, Blahut E, et al., 2019, High
Osteoarthritis and Cartilage Metabolism. Aging Clin Exp Res, Density Cell Seeding Affects the Rheology and Printability
31:807–13. of Collagen Bioinks. Biofabrication, 11:045016.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s40520-019-01191-w https://doi.org/10.1088/1758-5090/ab3524
2. Lagarto JL, Nickdel MB, Kelly DJ, et al., 2020, 14. Schwartz R, Malpica M, Thompson GL, et al., 2020, Cell
Autofluorescence Lifetime Reports Cartilage Damage in Encapsulation in Gelatin Bioink Impairs 3D Bioprinting
Osteoarthritis. Sci Rep, 10:2154. Resolution. J Mech Behav Biomed Mater, 103:103524.
https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-59219-5 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmbbm.2019.103524

International Journal of Bioprinting (2022)–Volume 8, Issue 3 25